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Rhynchotherium
''Rhynchotherium'' is an extinct genus of proboscidea endemic to North America and Central America during the Miocene through Pliocene from 13.650—3.6 Ma, living for approximately .〔(Paleobiology database: ''Rhynchotherium'' basic info )〕
This gomphothere had two tusks and may have evolved from ''Gomphotherium''.
==Taxonomy==
''Rhynchotherium'' was first described in 1868 on the basis of a lower jaw from the Miocene of Tlaxcala, Mexico.〔FALCONER, H. (1868): Paleontological Memoirs. Volume II: 74 –75; London (Hardwicke).〕 Later, the type species epithet ''R. tlascalae'' was erected for the jaw by Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1918. In 1921, a gomphothere skull from the Mt. Eden area of southern California was described as a subspecies of ''Trilophodon shepardi'' (a now-defunct combination for ''Mastodon shepardi''), ''T. s. edensis'',〔C. Frick. 1921. Extinct vertebrate faunas of the badlands of Bautista Creek and San Timoteo Canyon, southern California. University of California Publications in Geology 12(5):277-424〕 but was subsequently reassigned to ''Rhynchotherium''.〔FRICK, C. (1933): New Remains of Trilophodont-Tetralophodont mastodons. – Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, 59: 505 – 652.〕 Other species subsequently assigned to ''Rhynchotherium'' included ''R. falconeri'',〔OSBORN, H. F. (1923): New subfamily, generic and specific stages in the evolution of the proboscidea. – American Museum Novitates, 99: 1– 4.〕 ''R. paredensis'', ''R. browni'',〔OSBORN, H. F. (1936): Proboscidea: a monograph of the discovery, evolution, migration, and extinction of the mastodonts and elephants of the world, vol. 1: Moeritherioidea, Deinotherioidea, Mastodontoidea. New York (The American Museum Press).〕 and ''R. simpsoni''.〔OLSEN, S. J. (1957): A new beak-jawed mastodont from Florida. – Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 2: 131–135.〕
Lucas and Morgan (2008) reviewed the taxonomy of ''Rhynchotherium'' and concluded that only ''R. edensis'', ''R. falconeri'', ''R. paredensis'', ''R. browni'', and ''R. simpsoni'' could be confidently referred to ''Rhynchotherium''.〔 Because the genotype of ''Rhynchotherium'' is referable to ''Gomphotherium'', the ICZN was petitioned to conserve the genus by designating ''R. falconeri'' as the type species,〔LUCAS, S. G. (2010): ''Rhynchotherium'' Falconer, 1868 (Mammalia; Proboscidea): proposed conservation of usage by designation of ''Rhynchotherium falconeri'' OSBORN, 1923 as the type species. – Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 67: 158 –162.〕 which it did.〔http://iczn.org/content/opinion-2295-case-3515-rhynchotherium-falconer-1868-mammalia-proboscidea-usage-conserved-des〕
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