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A rhyton (plural rhytons or, following the Greek plural, rhyta) is a container from which fluids were intended to be drunk or to be poured in some ceremony such as libation. The English word rhyton originates in the ancient Greek word (''rhy̆tón ''or'' rhŭtón''). The conical rhyton form has been known in the Aegean region since the Bronze Age, or the 2nd millennium BC. However, it was by no means confined to that region. Similar in form to, and perhaps originating from, the drinking horn, it has been widespread over Eurasia since prehistoric times. ==Name and function== Liddell and Scott〔.〕 give a standard derivation from Greek ''rhein'', "to flow", which, according to Julius Pokorny, is from Indo-European '' *sreu-'', "flow." As ''rhutos'' is "stream," the neuter, ''rhuton'', would be some sort of object associated with pouring, which is equivalent to English "pourer". Many vessels considered rhytons featured a wide mouth at the top and a hole through a conical constriction at the bottom from which the fluid ran. The idea is that one scooped wine or water from a storage vessel or similar source, held it up, unstoppered the hole with one's thumb, and let the fluid run into the mouth (or onto the ground in libation) in the same way that wine is drunk from a wineskin today. Smith points out that this use is testified in classical paintings and accepts Athenaeus's etymology that it was named , "from the flowing". Smith also categorized the name as having been a recent form (in classical times) of a vessel formerly called the ''keras'', "horn", in the sense of a drinking horn.〔.〕 The word ''rhyton'' is not present in what is known about Mycenaean Greek, the oldest form of Greek written in Linear B. However, the bull's head rhyton, of which many examples survive, is mentioned as ''ke-ra-a'' on tablet KN K 872,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www2.hf.uio.no/damos/Index/item/chosen_item_id/804 )〕 an inventory of vessels at Knossos; it is shown with the bull ideogram ( *227VAS; also known as ''rhyton''). Ventris and Chadwick restored the word as the adjective '' *kera(h)a'', with a Mycenaean intervocalic ''h''. Rhyta shaped after bulls are filled through the large opening and emptied through the secondary, smaller one. This means that two hands are required: one to close the secondary opening and one to fill the rhyton. This has led some scholars to believe that rhytons were typically filled with the help of two people or with the help of a chain or a rope that would be passed through a handle. Rhytons modeled after animals were designed to make it look like the animal was drinking when the vessel was being filled. A bull rhyton weighed about three kilograms when empty and up to six kilograms when full. Other rhytons with animal themes were modeled after boars, lions, and lionesses. Some shapes, such as lioness rhytas, could be filled through simple submersion, thanks to the vessel’s shape and buoyancy. Horizontally designed rhytas, like those modeled after lionesses, could be filled by being lowered into a fluid and supported. Vertically designed rhytas, like those modeled after boars, required another hand to cover the primary opening and to prevent the liquid from spilling as the vessel was filled. Rhyta were often used to strain liquids such as wine, beer, and oil. Some rhyta were used in blood rituals and animal sacrifice. In these cases, the blood may have been thinned with wine. Some vessels were modeled after the animal with which they were intended to be used during ritual, but this was not always the case. 〔Koehl, Robert B. “Prehistory Monographs, Volume 19: Aegean Bronze Age Rhyta”. INSTAP Academic Press, 2006.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rhyton」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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