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Riba ((アラビア語:ربا ,الربا، الربٰوة) ', ) can be roughly translated as "Usury", or unjust, exploitative gains made in trade or business. Riba is mentioned and condemned in several different verses in the Qur'an ((3:130 ), (4:161 ), (30:39 ) and perhaps most commonly in (2:275-280 )). It is also mentioned in many hadith. While Muslims agree that ''Riba'' is prohibited, there is disagreement over what it is.〔Khan, ''What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?'', 2013: p.xv〕 It is often used as an Islamic term for interest charged on loans and many but not all scholars equated it with all forms of interest. There is also disagreement over whether it is a major sin and against sharia (Islamic law), or simply discouraged (''makruh'').〔〔 Riba is also applied to a variety of commercial transactions. Most Islamic jurists describe two kinds of ''Riba'': *''Riba an-nasiya'': an excess (''riba'') charged for a loan in cash or kind.〔Siddiqi, ''Riba, Bank Interest'', 2004: p.54〕 *''Riba al-Fadl'': the simultaneous exchange of unequal quantities or qualities of a given commodity. ==Etymology and definitions== The word was used by the Arabs prior to Islam to refer to an increase. In classical Islamic jurisprudence the definition of ''riba'' was "surplus value without counterpart." Definitions of ''Riba'' include: *unjustified increment in borrowing or lending money, paid in kind or in money above the amount of loan, as a condition imposed by the lender or voluntarily by the borrower. Riba defined in this way is called in Fiqh riba al-duyun (debt usury). *an increase in a particular item. The word is derived from a root meaning increase or growth.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://islamqa.info/en/129458 )〕 *non-equality in an exchange. This can be different results from the exchange of nonequivalent quantities (''Riba al-fadl'') or from the presence of a risk in which the other contractual party does not share. *interest or usurious interest. Historically Islamic legal scholars have interpreted the Quran as "prohibiting any loan contract that specifies a fixed return to the lender" on the grounds that it provides "unearned profit to the lender" and imposes "an unfair obligation on the borrower." In the modern era most Muslim countries allow moderate interest rates (some banning compound interest), while Islamists and revivalists" preach that all interest is socially unjust and should be banned; *all forms of interest charged on loans * *Banned in Islam but evaded by legal subterfuges (known as ''hila'', pl. ''hiyal'') where, for example, a money lender buys something and later sell it back for a greater amount. In contrast Islamic banks charge fees or make the account holder share in the profits and losses of the bank; * *"all interest, regardless of form, context, or magnitude" * *"Any excess on the principal sum of loan irrespective of the amount, purpose and duration of the loan." * *interest - profit from the loan of money or goods, which is prohibited in any degree but hardly observed in any Islamic country, where instead it is either disregarded (considered permissible provided it is not excessive (Egypt)), or "referred to by some such euphemism as `commission`" *Only exploitative interest charges * *not any bank interest, but interest charged where the economically strong/rich exploit the economically poor and/or vulnerable. * *"exorbitant interest charges"〔 Most Islamic jurists (''Fuqaha'') describe different kinds of ''Riba'':〔 *''Riba an-nasiya'': Riba on Credit Transaction, when two items of same kinds are exchanged but one or both parties delays delivery or payment and pays interest, (i.e. excess monetary compensation in the form of a predetermined percentage amount or percentage). *''Riba al-fadl'': the simultaneous exchange of unequal quantities or qualities of a given commodity.〔 *''Riba an-jahiliya'': usury practiced in pre-Islamic Arabia referred to in where a debt was "doubled and redoubled" each year if the borrower could not pay what was owed.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Riba」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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