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Paul Ricœur (; 27 February 1913 – 20 May 2005) was a French philosopher best known for combining phenomenological description with hermeneutics. As such, his thought is within the same tradition as other major hermeneutic phenomenologists, Martin Heidegger and Hans-Georg Gadamer. In 2000, he was awarded the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy for having "revolutionized the methods of hermeneutic phenomenology, expanding the study of textual interpretation to include the broad yet concrete domains of mythology, biblical exegesis, psychoanalysis, theory of metaphor, and narrative theory."〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.inamori-f.or.jp/laureates/k16_c_paul/prf_e.html )〕 ==Biography== Ricœur was born in 1913 in Valence, Drôme, France to a devout Protestant family, making him a member of a religious minority in Catholic France. Ricœur's father died in a 1915 World War I battle when Ricœur was only two years old. He was raised by his paternal grandparents and an aunt in Rennes, France, with a small stipend afforded to him as a war orphan. Ricœur, whose penchant for study was fueled by his family's Protestant emphasis on Bible study, was bookish and intellectually precocious. Ricœur received his bachelor's degree' in 1933 from the University of Rennes and began studying philosophy at the Sorbonne in 1934, where he was influenced by Gabriel Marcel. In 1935, he was awarded the second-highest agrégation mark in the nation for philosophy, presaging a bright future. World War II interrupted Ricœur's career, and he was drafted to serve in the French army in 1939. His unit was captured during the German invasion of France in 1940 and he spent the next five years as a prisoner of war. His detention camp was filled with other intellectuals such as Mikel Dufrenne, who organized readings and classes sufficiently rigorous that the camp was accredited as a degree-granting institution by the Vichy government. During this time he read Karl Jaspers, who was to have a great influence on him. He also began a translation of Edmund Husserl's ''Ideas I''. Ricœur taught at the University of Strasbourg between 1948 and 1956, the only French university with a Protestant faculty of theology. In 1950, he received his doctorate, submitting (as is customary in France) two theses: a "minor" thesis translating Husserl's ''Ideas I'' into French for the first time, with commentary, and a "major" thesis that he would later publish as ''Le Volontaire et l'Involontaire''. Ricœur soon acquired a reputation as an expert on phenomenology, then the ascendent philosophy in France. In 1956, Ricœur took up a position at the Sorbonne as the Chair of General Philosophy. This appointment signaled Ricœur's emergence as one of France's most prominent philosophers. While at the Sorbonne, he wrote three works that cemented his reputation: ''Fallible Man'' and ''The Symbolism of Evil'' published in 1960, and ''Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation'' published in 1965. ''Freud and Philosophy'' contains the famous assertion that Marx, Nietzsche and Freud are masters of the School of suspicion.〔Paul Ricœur (1965), ''Freud and philosophy: an essay on interpretation'', Book I ''Problematic, section 2: ''The conflict of interpretations'', title: ''Interpretation as exercise of suspicion'', p. 32〕〔Waite, Geoff (1996). (''Nietzsche's Corpse'' ), Duke University Press, 1996, p. 106.〕〔(The Hermeneutics of Suspicion: Recovering Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud )〕 Jacques Derrida was an assistant to Ricœur during this time. From 1965 to 1970, Ricœur was an administrator at the newly founded University of Nanterre in suburban Paris. Nanterre was intended as an experiment in progressive education, and Ricœur hoped that he could create a university in accordance with his vision, free of the stifling atmosphere of the tradition-bound Sorbonne and its overcrowded classes. Nevertheless, Nanterre became a hotbed of protest during the student uprisings of May 1968 in France. Ricœur was derided as an "old clown" and tool of the French government. Disenchanted with French academic life, Ricœur taught briefly at the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, before taking a position at the Divinity School of the University of Chicago, where he taught from 1970 to 1985. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1971.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterR.pdf )〕 His study culminated in ''The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-disciplinary Studies of the Creation of Meaning of Language'' published in 1975 and the three-volume ''Time and Narrative'' published in 1984, 1985, and 1988. Ricœur gave the Gifford Lectures in 1985/86, published in 1992 as ''Oneself as Another''. This work built on his discussion of narrative identity and his continuing interest in the self. ''Time and Narrative'' secured Ricœur's return to France in 1985 as a notable intellectual. His late work was characterised by a continuing cross-cutting of national intellectual traditions; for example, some of his latest writing engaged the thought of the American political philosopher John Rawls. In 1995 he received an honorary doctorate from the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. In 1999, he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Philosophy, the citation being "For his capacity in bringing together all the most important themes and indications of 20th-century philosophy, and re-elaborating them into an original synthesis which turns language - in particular, that which is poetic and metaphoric - into a chosen place revealing a reality that we cannot manipulate, but interpret in diverse ways, and yet all coherent. Through the use of metaphor, language draws upon that truth which makes of us that what we are, deep in the profundity of our own essence".〔(Balzan.org )〕 On 29 November 2004, he was awarded with the second John W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Human Sciences (shared with Jaroslav Pelikan). Ricœur died on 20 May 2005 at his home in Chatenay Malabry, France, of natural causes.〔University of Chicago News Office, (University of Chicago philosopher Paul Ricoeur, 1913-2005 )〕 French Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin declared that "the humanist European tradition is in mourning for one of its most talented exponents". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paul Ricœur」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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