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Right-wing politics are political positions or activities that view some forms of social stratification or social inequality as either inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable,〔Bobbio, Norberto and Allan Cameron,''Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction''. University of Chicago Press, 1997, p. 51, 62. ISBN 978-0-226-06246-4〕〔J. E. Goldthorpe. ''An Introduction to Sociology''. p. 156. ISBN 0-521-24545-1.〕 typically defending this position on the basis of natural law, economics or tradition.〔Rodney P. Carlisle. ''Encyclopedia of politics: the left and the right, Volume 2''. University of Michigan; Sage Reference, 2005. p.693, 721. ISBN 1-4129-0409-9〕〔T. Alexander Smith, Raymond Tatalovich. ''Cultures at war: moral conflicts in western democracies''. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd, 2003. p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.' In other words, the sociological perspective sees preservationist politics as a right-wing attempt to defend privilege within the ''social hierarchy''."〕〔''Left and right: the significance of a political distinction'', Norberto Bobbio and Allan Cameron, p. 37, University of Chicago Press, 1997.〕〔Seymour Martin Lipset, cited in Fuchs, D., and Klingemann, H. 1990. The left-right schema. pp. 203–34 in Continuities in Political Action: A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientations in Three Western Democracies, ed.M.Jennings et al. Berlin:de Gruyter〕〔Lukes, Steven. 'Epilogue: The Grand Dichotomy of the Twentieth Century': concluding chapter to T. Ball and R. Bellamy (eds.), The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. pp.610–612〕〔Clark, William. Capitalism, not Globalism. University of Michigan Press, 2003. ISBN 0-472-11293-7, ISBN 978-0-472-11293-7〕 Hierarchy and inequality may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences〔Smith, T. Alexander and Raymond Tatalovich. ''Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies'' (Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd., 2003) p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.' '〕 and/or from competition in market economies.〔Scruton, Roger “A Dictionary of Political Thought” "Defined by contrast to (or perhaps more accurately conflict with) the left the term right does not even have the respectability of a history. As now used it denotes several connected and also conflicting ideas (including) 1)conservative, and perhaps authoritarian, doctrines concerning the nature of civil society, with emphasis on custom, tradition, and allegiance as social bonds ... 8) belief in free enterprise free markets and a capitalist economy as the only mode of production compatible with human freedom and suited to the temporary nature of human aspirations ..." pp. 281–2, Macmillan, 1996〕〔J. E. Goldthorpe. ''An Introduction to Sociology''. "There are ... those who accept inequality as natural, normal, and even desirable. Two main lines of thought converge on the Right or conservative side...the truly Conservative view is that there is a natural hierarchy of skills and talents in which some people are born leaders, whether by heredity or family tradition. ... now ... the more usual right-wing view, which may be called 'liberal-conservative', is that unequal rewards are right and desirable so long as the competition for wealth and power is a fair one." p. 156. Cambridge, England, UK; Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia; New York, New York, USA p. 156. ISBN 0-521-24545-1.〕 The political terms ''Right'' and ''Left'' were first used during the French Revolution (1789–99), and referred to where politicians sat in the French parliament; those who sat to the right of the chair of the parliamentary president were broadly supportive of the institutions of the monarchist ''Ancien Régime''.〔Goodsell, Charles T., "The Architecture of Parliaments: Legislative Houses and Political Culture", British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 18, No. 3 (July , 1988) pp. 287–302〕〔Linski, Gerhard, ''Current Issues and Research In Macrosociology'' (Brill Archive, 1984) p. 59〕〔Clark, Barry ''Political Economy: A Comparative Approach'' (Praeger Paperback, 1998) pp. 33–34〕〔 The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the Left, and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy, tradition, and clericalism.〔Rodney P. Carlisle. ''Encyclopedia of politics: the left and the right, Volume 2''. University of Michigan; Sage Reference, 2005, p. 693. ISBN 1-4129-0409-9〕 The use of the expression ''la droite'' (''the right'') became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815, when ''le droit'' was applied to describe the Ultra-royalists.〔Gauchet, Marcel, "Right and Left" in Nora, Pierre, ed., ''Realms of Memory: Conflicts and Divisions'' (1996) pp. 247–8〕 In English-speaking countries it was not until the 20th century that people applied the terms "right" and "left" to their own politics.〔"The English Ideology: Studies in the Language of Victorian Politics" George Watson Allen Lane: London 1973 p.94〕 From the 1830s to the 1880s, there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy, moving away from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism.〔Alan S. Kahan. ''Mind Vs. Money: The War Between Intellectuals and Capitalism''. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2010. p. 88.〕 This general economic shift towards capitalism affected centre right movements such as the British Conservative Party that responded by becoming supportive of capitalism.〔Ian Adams. ''Political Ideology Today''. Manchester, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Manchester University Press, 2001. p. 57.〕 Although the right-wing originated with traditional conservatives, monarchists and reactionaries, it has evolved to include neo-conservatives, nationalists, fascists, nazis, racial supremacists,〔Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan, ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics'', ''Right(-wing)...and for extreme right parties racism and fascism.'', p. 465, Oxford, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-920780-0.〕 Christian democrats, religious fundamentalists, and classical liberals.〔 In the United States "right-wing" has quite a different history and meaning. For the most part the American right wing is an integral part of the conservative movement in the U.S.〔Jerome L. Himmelstein, ''To the right: The transformation of American conservatism'' (1992).〕 The right has been a major factor—and often dominant—in American politics in the Age of Reagan since 1981.〔Sean Wilentz, ''The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008'' (2008).〕 ==History== The political term ''right-wing'' was first used during the French Revolution, when liberal deputies from the Third Estate generally sat to the left of the president's chair, a habit which began in the Estates General of 1789. The nobility, members of the Second Estate, generally sat to the right. In the successive legislative assemblies, monarchists who supported the Ancien Régime were commonly referred to as rightists, because they sat on the right side. A major figure on the right was Joseph de Maistre, who argued for an authoritarian form of conservatism. Throughout the 19th century, the main line dividing Left and Right in France was between supporters of the Republic and supporters of the Monarchy. On the right, the Legitimists and Ultra-royalists held counter-revolutionary views, while the Orléanists hoped to create a constitutional monarchy under their preferred branch of the royal family, a brief reality after the 1830 July Revolution. The centre-right Gaullists in post-World War II France advocated considerable social spending on education and infrastructure development, as well as extensive economic regulation, but limited the wealth redistribution measures characteristic of social democracy. In British politics the terms 'right' and 'left' came into common use for the first time in the late 1930s in debates over the Spanish Civil War.〔Charles Loch Mowat, ''Britain Between the Wars: 1918–1940'' (1955) p 577〕 The Right has gone through five distinct historical stages: (i) the reactionary right, which sought a return to aristocracy and established religion; (ii) the moderate right, who sought limited government and distrusted intellectuals; (iii) the radical right, who favored a romantic and aggressive nationalism; (iv) the extreme right, who proposed anti-immigration policies and implicit racism; and (v) the neo-liberal right, who sought to combine a belief in a market economy and economic deregulation with the traditional Right-wing beliefs in patriotism, élitism, and law and order.〔Ball, T. and R. Bellamy, eds., ''The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought'' pp. 610–612〕〔Clark, William. ''Capitalism, not Globalism'' (University of Michigan Press, 2003) ISBN 0-472-11293-7, ISBN 978-0-472-11293-7〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Right-wing politics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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