|
The Rishikas (also ''Rshika'' and ''Ṛṣika'') are a possibly-mythical tribe of Central Asia and South Asia which was mentioned in Hindu and Sanskrit texts, including the ''Mahabharata'', the ''Ramayana'', the ''Brhat-Samhita'', the ''Markendeya Purana'' and Patanjali's ''Mahabhasya''.〔However, the Rishikas are not mentioned in the ''Ashtadhyayi'' of Pāṇini.〕 The ''Mahabharata'' divides them into "Uttara" (northern) and "Parama" (supreme) Rishikas.〔 :Lohan.ParamaKambojan.Rishikan.uttaranapi | :sahita.nstanmaharaja vyajayatpakashasanih ||24|| :Rishikeshu tu sanggramo babhuvAtibhaya.n karah| :taraka maya sankashah Paramarshika parthayoh ||25|| {Mahabharata, Critical Edition, 2.25.24–25.〕 The Rishikas were alleged neighbors of the Parama-Kambojas and the Lohas in Transoxiana, which was considered part of ''Saka-dvipa'' ("Saka-land"). According to traditional accounts, during the second century BCE a subgroup of Rishikas migrated to southwesterm India and settled there, crossing Afghanistan, Balochistan, Sindhu and Sovira. ==Identity theories== Scholars have proposed that the Rishikas are the Yuezhi of ancient Chinese sources,〔India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashtadhyayi, 1953, p 321, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala.〕 or the Asii cited by the ancient Greeks.〔Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Reprint (2002), Vol I, p. 64. Also see: pp. 51–54, 87, 95; Vol-2, P 2, James Tod; The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, 1885, p 196, Edward Balfour; The racial history of India, 1944, p 814-15, Chandra Chakraberty – Ethnology; Literary History of Ancient India in Relation to Its Racial and Linguistic Affiliations, 1953, pp 148, 152, Chandra Chakraberty – Sanskrit literature.〕 J. C. Vidyalankar believes that the Kushans (or Kanishkas) are the Rishikas.〔See quote in: Problems of Ancient India, 2000, p 4, K. D. Sethna.〕 Based on the syntactical construction of ''Mahabharata'' verses 5.5.15〔 :Shakanam Pahlavana.n cha Daradanam cha ye nripah | :Kamboja Rishika ye cha pashchim.anupakash cha ye ||5.5.15|| ''Trans'': The kings of the Shakas, Pahlavas and the Daradas, and the Kamboja-Rishikas live in the west in the Anupa region.〕 and 2.27.25,〔 Lohan''ParamaKambojanRishikan''uttaran api ||v 2.27.25||〕 Sanskrit scholar Ishwa Mishra believes that the Rishikas were a group of the Kambojas (the Parama Kambojas). V. S. Aggarwala also relates the Parama Kambojas of the trans-Pamirs to the Rishikas of the ''Mahabharata''〔See: The Deeds of Harsha: Being a Cultural Study of Bāṇa's Harshacharita, 1969, p 199, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala.〕 located in the Shakdvipa.〔India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī, 1953, p 64, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala – India.〕 According to B. N. Puri, the Kambojas were a branch of the Tukharas.〔''Buddhism in Central Asia'', p. 90.〕 Based on Rishika-Kamboja connections, some scholars believe that the Kambojas were a branch of the Yuezhi.〔''Journal of Tamil Studies'', 1969, pp 86, 87, International Institute of Tamil Studies – Tamil philology; Also see: International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics: IJDL., 1984, p 348, University of Kerala Dept. of Linguistics – Dravidian languages; India and Central Asia, 1955, p 31-32, Prof P. C. Bagchi.〕 Moti Chander also sees a close ethnic connection between the Kambojas and the Yuezhi.〔Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 19, Dr Moti Chandra – India.〕 The name "Asii" (or "Asioi" mentioned by Strabo, according to one view, alludes to their connections with horses (''asva'' or ''assa''). Based on the earlier information from Megasthenes' (350-290 BC) ''Indica'', Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) mentions Osii (Orsi), Asoi, Aseni, Taxillae and Peucolaitae as Indian peoples living in the upper Indus valley south of the Hindu Kush.〔See: List of Indian Races, p 129 of Ancient India as described by Megasthenes and Arrian, 1877,, a tr. of the fragments of the Indika of Megasthenes collected by Schwanbeck and of the 1st part of the Indika of Arrian, by J.W. McCrindle. With intr., notes. Repr., with additions, from the 'Indian antiquary', . Megasthenes, Flavius Arrianus, Translated by John Watson McCrindle.〕〔Pliny's Natural History, 1848, p 126, Philemon Holland, Wernerian Club, Wernerian Club. Pliny only borrowed the information earlier prepared by Megasthenese, who is believed to have been a Greek ambassador in the court of Chandragupta Maurya after the Chandragupta Maurya had won war against Seleucid in about 302 BCE.〕 The Taxillae and Peucolaitae are Gandharans of the Indian traditions while the Asoi, Osii/Orsi and Aseni appear yet other variants of the Assaceni (Aspasioi) and Assacani (Assakenoi)—the Asvayana and Asvakayana of Pāṇini and Katyayana). The Aspasios and Assakenois were notable Kamboja groups engaged in horse culture. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rishikas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|