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Robert K. Merton
Robert King Merton (July 4, 1910 – February 23, 2003) was an American sociologist. He spent most of his career teaching at Columbia University, where he attained the rank of University Professor. In 1994 Merton won the National Medal of Science for his contributions to the field and for having founded the sociology of science.〔〔Synonyms for the term "sociology of science" include "science of science" (("Science of Science Cyberinfrastructure Portal... at Indiana University" ); Maria Ossowska and Stanisław Ossowski, "The Science of Science", 1935, reprinted in Bohdan Walentynowicz, ed., ''Polish Contributions to the Science of Science'', Boston, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1982, ISBN 83-01-03607-9, pp. 82–95) and the back-formed term "logology" (Christopher Kasparek, "Prus' ''Pharaoh'': the Creation of a Historical Novel", ''The Polish Review'', vol. XXXIX, no. 1, 1994, note 3, pp. 45–46; Stefan Zamecki, ''Komentarze do naukoznawczych poglądów Williama Whewella (1794–1866): studium historyczno-metodologiczne'' (to the Logological Views of William Whewell (1794–1866): A Historical-Methodological Study ), Warsaw, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2012, ISBN 978-83-86062-09-6, () summary, pp. 741–43). The term "logology" provides convenient grammatical variants not available with the earlier terms: i.e., "logologist", "to logologize", "logological", "logologically".〕 He is considered to be one of the founding fathers of modern-day sociology.
Merton developed notable concepts such as "unintended consequences", the "reference group", and "role strain" but is perhaps best known for having created the terms "role model" and "self-fulfilling prophecy".〔 A central element of modern sociological, political and economic theory, the "self-fulfilling prophecy" is a process whereby a belief or an expectation, correct or incorrect, affects the outcome of a situation or the way a person or a group will behave.〔Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition; January 1, 2009, p. 1 "Self-fulfilling prophecy"〕 Merton's work on the "role model" first appeared in a study on the socialization of medical students at Columbia. The term grew from his theory of a reference group, or the group to which individuals compare themselves, but to which they do not necessarily belong. Social roles were a central piece of Merton's theory of social groups. Merton emphasized that, rather than a person assuming one role and one status, they have a status set in the social structure that has attached to it a whole set of expected behaviors.〔
==Life==
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