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Delta atracotoxin
Robustoxin (δ-ACTX-Ar1), sometimes misspelled robustotoxin, and alternatively known as delta atracotoxin, is a low-molecular-weight neurotoxic polypeptide found in the venom of the Sydney funnel-web spider (''Atrax robustus'').
Delta atracotoxin produces potentially fatal neurotoxic symptoms in primates by slowing the inactivation of sodium ion channels in autonomic and motor neurons. In the spiders' intended insect prey, the toxin exerts this same activity upon potassium and calcium ion channels.
The structure of atracotoxin comprises a core beta region with a cystine knot motif, a feature seen in other neurotoxic polypeptides.〔
==History==
Since 1927 records are kept of envenomations by the Sydney funnel-web spider and 14 deaths have been reported in medical literature between 1927 and 1981, when the antivenom became available. In all cases in which the sex of the spider was determined, death occurred after a bite from a male spider.〔G.M. Nicholson, A. Graudins. 2002. Spiders of medical importance in the Asia-Pacific: atracotoxin, latrotoxin and related spider neurotoxins. Clin.Exp.Pharmacol.Physiol. 29(9): 785-794.〕
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