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Roman assemblies
The Roman Assemblies were institutions in ancient Rome. They functioned as the machinery of the Roman legislative branch, and thus (theoretically at least) passed all legislation. Since the assemblies operated on the basis of direct democracy, ordinary citizens, and not elected representatives, would cast all ballots. The assemblies were subject to strong checks on their power by the executive branch and by the Roman Senate. Laws were passed (and magistrates elected) by Curia (in the Curiate Assembly), Tribes (in the Tribal Assembly), and Centuries (in the Centuriate Assembly).
When the city of Rome was founded (traditionally dated at 753 BC), a senate and an assembly, the Curiate Assembly, were both created. The Curiate Assembly was the principal legislative assembly during the era of the Roman Kingdom. While its primary purpose was to elect new kings, it also possessed rudimentary legislative powers. Shortly after the founding of the Roman Republic (traditionally dated to 509 BC), the principal legislative authority shifted to two new assemblies, the Tribal Assembly ("Citizen's Assembly") and the Centuriate Assembly. Eventually, most legislative powers were transferred to another assembly, the Plebeian Council ("Assembly of the Commoners"). Ultimately, it was the Plebeian Council that disrupted the balance between the senate, the legislative branch, and the executive branch. This led to the collapse of the republic, and the founding of the Roman Empire in 27 BC. Under the empire, the powers that had been held by the assemblies were transferred to the senate. While the assemblies eventually lost their last semblance of political power, citizens continued to gather into them for organizational purposes. Eventually, however, the assemblies were ultimately abandoned.
==Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Kingdom==
The Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Kingdom were political institutions in the ancient Roman Kingdom. While one assembly, the Curiate Assembly, had some legislative powers,〔Abbott, 18〕 these powers involved nothing more than a right to symbolically ratify decrees issued by the Roman King. The functions of the other assembly, the Calculate Assembly, were purely religious. During the years of the kingdom, the People of Rome were organized on the basis of units called Curia.〔 All of the People of Rome were divided amongst a total of thirty Curiae.〔 These Curiae were the basic units of division in the two popular assemblies.〔Byrd, 33〕 The members in each Curia would vote, and the majority in each Curia would determine how that Curia voted before the assembly. Thus, a majority of the Curiae (sixteen out of the thirty total Curiae) were needed during any vote before either the Curiate Assembly or the Calculate Assembly.
The Curiate Assembly was a popular assembly with political significance during the period of the Roman Kingdom,〔 and was organized on the basis of the thirty Curiae.〔Abbott, 19〕 The king presided over the assembly, and submitted decrees to it for ratification.〔 After a king died, the Interrex selected a candidate to replace the king.〔Abbott, 14〕 After the nominee received the approval of the Roman Senate, the Interrex held the formal election before the Curiate Assembly. After the Curiate Assembly elected the new king, and the senate ratified that election, the Interrex then presided over the assembly as it voted on the law which granted the king his legal powers (the ''lex curiata de imperio'').〔 On the ''calends'' (the first day of the month), and the ''nones'' (around the fifth day of the month), this assembly met to hear announcements.〔 Appeals heard by this assembly often dealt with questions concerning Roman family law.〔Abbott, 15〕 During two fixed days in the spring, the assembly was scheduled to meet to witness wills and adoptions.〔 The assembly also had jurisdiction over the admission of new families to a Curia, the transfer of families between two Curiae, and the transfer of individuals from plebeian (commoner) to patrician (aristocratic) status (or vice versa).〔
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