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In the Middle Ages, the ''rotrouenge'' (Old French)〔Also spelled ''retrowange''.〕 or ''retroencha'' (Old Occitan)〔Also spelled ''retroncha'' or ''retroensa''.〕 was a recognised type of lyric poetry, although no existing source defines the genre clearly. There are four conserved troubadour poems, all with refrains and three by Guiraut Riquier with music, that are labelled ''retronchas'' in the chansonniers. Six ''rotrouenges'' survive, but only one with music, and four of them are attributed to one trouvère, Gontier de Soignies.〔Jane Bellingham. ("Rotrouenge." ) ''The Oxford Companion to Music''. Ed. Alison Latham. Oxford Music Online. 5 Oct. 2010.〕 Medieval Occitan treatises state that the ''retroencha'' always has a refrain, but modern scholars have found no other distinguishing characteristic. Pioneering work in singling out and identifying the ''rotroencha'' was made by Alfred Jeanroy. In the twentieth century, the German scholars Friedrich Gennrich and Hans Spanke developed two distinct theories about the textual and melodic form of the ''rotrouenge'', implicitly suggesting in the process that some of the few specimens of lyric labelled as such in the manuscripts are in fact mis-labelled and do not represent the ''rotrouenge''. The French scholar Jean Frappier noted that "we are not absolutely sure that we have any authentic specimens of the rotrouenge", indicating that by the time the term came into use in the late twelfth century it was no more than an archaism ("an attractive old term" in the words of Hendrik van der Werf) and that the original genre may have lost its distinct identity.〔Hendrik van der Werf. ("Rotrouenge." ) ''Grove Music Online''. Oxford Music Online. 5 Oct. 2010.〕 The following are the only four ''retroenchas'' that survive: *"Si.m vai be ques eu non envei" by Joan Esteve *"Si chans me pogues valensa" by Guiraut Riquier *"Pos astres no m'es donatz" by Guiraut Riquier *"No cugei mais d'esta razo chantar" by Guiraut Riquier ==Notes== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rotrouenge」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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