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Rounding a numerical value means replacing it by another value that is approximately equal but has a shorter, simpler, or more explicit representation; for example, replacing £23.4476 with £23.45, or the fraction 312/937 with 1/3, or the expression √2 with 1.414. Rounding is often done to obtain a value that is easier to report and communicate than the original. Rounding can also be important to avoid misleadingly precise reporting of a computed number, measurement or estimate; for example, a quantity that was computed as 123,456 but is known to be accurate only to within a few hundred units is better stated as "about 123,500." On the other hand, rounding of exact numbers will introduce some round-off error in the reported result. Rounding is almost unavoidable when reporting many computations — especially when dividing two numbers in integer or fixed-point arithmetic; when computing mathematical functions such as square roots, logarithms, and sines; or when using a floating point representation with a fixed number of significant digits. In a sequence of calculations, these rounding errors generally accumulate, and in certain ill-conditioned cases they may make the result meaningless. Accurate rounding of transcendental mathematical functions is difficult because the number of extra digits that need to be calculated to resolve whether to round up or down cannot be known in advance. This problem is known as "the table-maker's dilemma". Rounding has many similarities to the quantization that occurs when physical quantities must be encoded by numbers or digital signals. A wavy equals sign (≈) is sometimes used to indicate rounding of exact numbers. For example: 9.98 ≈ 10. == Types of rounding == Typical rounding problems are: * approximating an irrational number by a fraction, e.g., π by 22/7; * approximating a fraction with periodic decimal expansion by a finite decimal fraction, e.g., 5/3 by 1.6667; * replacing a rational number by a fraction with smaller numerator and denominator, e.g., 3122/9417 by 1/3; * replacing a fractional decimal number by one with fewer digits, e.g., 2.1784 dollars by 2.18 dollars; * replacing a decimal integer by an integer with more trailing zeros, e.g., 23,217 people by 23,200 people; or, in general, * replacing a value by a multiple of a specified amount, e.g., 48.2 seconds by 45 seconds (a multiple of 15 s). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rounding」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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