|
Anti-Russian sentiment or Russophobia is a diverse spectrum of negative feelings, dislikes, fears, aversion, derision and/or prejudice of Russia, Russians and/or Russian culture.〔(Russophobia ), Merriam Webster〕 A wide variety of mass culture clichés about Russia and Russians exists. Many of these stereotypes were developed during the Cold War,〔("The west's new Russophobia is hypocritical - and wrong" ), ''The Guardian'', June 30, 2006〕 and were used as elements of political war against the Soviet Union. Some of these prejudices are still observed in the discussions of the relations with Russia.〔Forest, Johnson, Till. Post-totalitarian national identity: public memory in Germany and Russia. Social & Cultural Geography, Volume 5, Number 3, September 2004. Routledge.〕 Negative representation of Russia and Russians in modern popular culture is also often described as functional, as stereotypes about Russia may be used for framing reality, like creating an image of an enemy, or an excuse, or an explanation for compensatory reasons.〔(COLLECTIVE MEMORIES AND REPRESENTATIONS OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN EDITORIALS. Obstacles to a renegotiation of intercultural relations. Elisabeth Le )〕〔()〕〔()〕 Decades after the end of the Cold War, Russians are still portrayed as "Hollywood's go-to villains". ==History== On 19 October 1797 the French Directory received a document from a Polish general, Michał Sokolnicki, entitled "Aperçu sur la Russie". This became known as the so-called "Testament of Peter the Great" and was first published in October 1812, during the Napoleonic wars, in Charles Louis-Lesur's much-read ''Des progrès de la puissance russe'': this was at the behest of Napoleon I, who ordered a series of articles to be published showing that "Europe is inevitably in the process of becoming booty for Russia".〔Neumann, Iver B. "Europe's post-Cold War memory of Russia: cui bono?" in ''Memory and power in post-war Europe: studies in the presence of the past'' ed. Jan-Werner Müller. Cambridge University Press, 2002: p. 132〕〔McNally, Raymond T. "The Origins of Russophobia in France" in ''American Slavic and East European Review'' Vol. 17, No. 2 (Apr., 1958): pp. 173-189〕 Subsequent to the Napoleonic wars, propaganda against Russia was continued by Napoleon's former confessor, Dominique Georges-Frédéric de Pradt, who in a series of books portrayed Russia as a "despotic" and "Asiatic" power hungry to conquer Europe.〔Neumann, 2002: p. 133〕 With reference to Russia's new constitutional laws in 1811 the Savoyard philosopher Joseph de Maistre wrote the now famous statement: "Every nation gets the government it deserves" ("Toute nation a le gouvernement qu'elle mérite").〔''Famous Sayings and their Authors'', Edward Latham, 1906, (Google Books )〕〔''Bartlett's Roget's Thesaurus'', 2003, (Google Books )〕 In 1840s Fyodor Tyutchev of the tsarist secret police introduced the actual term of "russophobia" as part of the pan-Slavic political discourse, where all Slavic nations were to be united under the patronage of Russia. Nations opposing this concept, especially Poles (whom he considered to be the "Judas of the Slavs"), were accused of "unexplained" lack of enthusiasm towards the Russian domination — or russophobia. A number of insurrections in Poland gave the term further spin in 19th century. The term only returned into political dictionaries in USSR under Stalin in 30's. Further works by Russian academics, such as Igor Shafarevich treaty from 1980s attributed the spread of russophobia to Jews.〔 In 1843 the Marquis de Custine published his hugely successful 1800-page, four volume travelogue ''La Russie en 1839''. Custine's scathing narrative reran what were by now clichés which presented Russia as a place where "the veneer of European civilization was too thin to be credible". Such was its huge success that several official and pirated editions quickly followed, as well as condensed versions and translations in German, Dutch and English. By 1846 approximately 200 thousand copies had been sold.〔Fisher, David C. “Russia and the Crystal Palace 1851” in ''Britain, the Empire, and the World at the Great Exhibition of 1851'' ed. Jeffery A. Auerbach & Peter H. Hoffenberg. Ashgate, 2008:pp. 123-124.〕 The influential British economist John Maynard Keynes wrote controversially on Russia, that the oppression in the country, rooted in the Red Revolution, perhaps was "the fruit of some beastliness in the Russian nature”, also attributing "cruelty and stupidity" to tyranny in both the "Old Russia" (tsarist) and "New Russia" (Soviet).〔''A Short View of Russia'', Essays in Persuasion, (London 1932) John Maynard Keynes, 297-312〕 In the 1930s and 1940s, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party viewed the Soviet Union as populated by Slavs ruled by "Jewish Bolshevik" masters.〔Müller, Rolf-Dieter, Gerd R. Ueberschär, ''Hitler's War in the East, 1941–1945: A Critical Assessment'', Berghahn Books, 2002, ISBN 1-57181-293-8, page 244〕 Hitler stated in ''Mein Kampf'' his belief that the Russian state was the work of German elements in the state and not of the Slavs: A secret Nazi plan, the Generalplan Ost called for the enslavement, expulsion or extermination of most Slavic peoples in Europe. Modern anti-Russian sentiment peaked during the Cold War, driven by Western fears of the Soviet role in communism's mission to take over the "Free World". Post-Soviet distrust of Russia and Russians is attributable to backlash against the historical memory of Russification pursued by Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union, and backlash against modern policies of the Russian government.〔Peter Lavelle is a host of CrossTalk show at RT.〕 Vlad Sobell〔Sobell, currently at the Daiwa Research Institute, is a noted expert in the post-Soviet transition of society.〕 believes current "Russophobic sentiment" in the West reflects the West's failure to adapt and change its historical attitude towards Russia, even as Russia has (in his view) abandoned past ideology for pragmatism, successfully driving its economic revival. With the West victorious over totalitarianism, Russia serves to perpetuate the role of a needed adversary owing to its "unashamed continuity with the communist Soviet Union."〔(Western treatment of Russia signifies erosion of reason ) Dr. Vlad Sobell, 2007〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anti-Russian sentiment」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|