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SLATE, a pioneer organization of the New Left and precursor of the Free Speech Movement and formative counterculture era, was a campus political party at the University of California, Berkeley from 1958 to 1966. ==Origins== The University of California, Berkeley, had a substantial tradition of student political activism ranging from peace agitation in the 1930s to resisting McCarthyism during the loyalty oath controversy of the 1950s. The first stirrings of the African-American Civil Rights Movement in the mid-1950s prompted a challenge by Ralph Shaffer, graduate student representative on the Associated Students of the University of California board, to discriminatory practices of fraternities and sororities. The group's ultimate goal, however, was to further weaken McCarthyism by calling for abolition of the House Un-American Activities Committee.〔https://books.google.com/books?id=seI5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT69&lpg=PT69&dq=Toward+An+Active+Student+Community&source=bl&ots=SY_0PrMpoe&sig=DVC8L5ciWX3Oyc_hZZUdhdbGztc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDUQ6AEwA2oVChMI5cvL-Yz3xwIVhFmSCh0ShwrA#v=onepage&q=Toward%20An%20Active%20Student%20Community&f=false〕 In 1957 a campus political party called Toward An Active Student Community (TASC) was organized by Fritjof Thygeson, Rick White and others. It ran candidates in the student government election. Its requirement that candidates be accountable to TASC, based on the British parliamentary system, was fiercely attacked in the Daily Californian (UCB's student newspaper). TASC's candidates ran on a liberal platform, and were substantially defeated. The next semester, Mike Miller, an undergraduate representative on the Associated Students Board, resigned and organized a slate of candidates to run on a platform supporting racial equality, free speech on campus, voluntary ROTC (participation in ROTC was mandatory at the time for freshman and sophomore men), and participation in the National Student Association. They doubled the electorate and received between 35-40% of the vote.〔Cloke, ''Brief History'', pp. 20-27.〕 Encouraged, the candidates, joined by Thygeson, White, Peter Franck, Marv Sternberg, and Wilson Carey McWilliams, formally established SLATE as a campus political party in February 1958 (the name was not an acronym, but simply stood for a slate of candidates who ran on a common platform). The university administration approved SLATE as a student organization, but not as a political party. In the spring of 1959 the first and only SLATE student body president, David Armor, was elected, along with four other representatives, with strong support from graduate students. The university administration quickly responded by announcing that graduate students would no longer be considered members of the Associated Students and thus would be ineligible to vote in the student elections. SLATE continued to contest student elections, raising issues of free speech and academic freedom, as well as the right of students to take positions on such “off-campus” public issues as racial discrimination, capital punishment, civil liberties, war and peace, and farm worker organizing. Over the course of 1959 Berkeley Chancellor Clark Kerr developed a set of directives governing the rights of student organizations to sponsor speakers and prohibiting taking stands on “off-campus” issues. SLATE led the opposition to the Kerr Directives.〔Cloke, ''Brief History'', pp. 31-48; Rorabaugh, ''Berkeley at War'', pp. 14-17; Horowitz, ''Student'', pp. 17-22.〕 SLATE took positions on a number of controversial public issues that emerged in its first years. It supported a Berkeley fair housing ordinance in 1959, opposed the hearings conducted by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in San Francisco in May 1960, supported the national Woolworth-Kress boycott called by civil rights organizations, opposed the execution of Caryl Chessman at San Quentin, and opposed continued nuclear weapon testing.〔Cloke, ''Brief History'', pp. 49-77; Freeman, ''At Berkeley in the ‘60s'', pp. 39-46; Goines, ''The Free Speech Movement'', pp. 65-82.〕 SLATE also continued its advocacy for on-campus issues, including an end to compulsory ROTC, elimination of the Communist speaker ban, academic freedom, the rights of student organizations, and an idealistic critique of Kerr’s instrumental vision of the modern University.〔Payne, Walls, and Berman, ”Theodicy,” ''The Activist'', Spring 1962; Max Heirich and Sam Kaplan, “Yesterday’s Discord,” in Lipset and Wolin, ''The Berkeley Student Revolt'', pp. 10-35.〕 Articulating these positions were Ken Cloke and Michael Tigar, two SLATE representatives elected to the Associated Students board in the early 1960s. SLATE served as an umbrella group for students whose politics ranged from Young Democrats to Trotskyist, and never became the exclusive possession of any one political sect or grouping. As Mike Miller put it, SLATE followed a politics of the “lowest significant common denominator,” in maintaining a multi-issue student organization committed to democracy, human rights, and peace.〔Miller, “Organizing for Social Change”, ''Social Policy'', Winter 2000.〕 As word of students protests at Berkeley spread, campus political parties were organized at a number of American universities, including San Francisco State, Michigan, Iowa, UCLA, Riverside, Chicago, and Illinois.〔''About SLATE'', pp. 11-12.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「SLATE」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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