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SPEARpesticides (Species At Risk) is a trait based biological indicator system for streams which quantitatively links pesticide contamination to the composition of invertebrate communities.〔Liess M, von der Ohe PC 2005. Analyzing effects of pesticides on invertebrate communities in streams. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.24, (4): 954-965.〕 The approach uses species traits that characterize the ecological requirements posed by pesticide contamination in running waters. Therefore it is highly specific and only slightly influenced by other environmental factors.〔Liess M, Schäfer R, Schriever C, 2008. The footprint of pesticide stress in communities - species traits reveal community effects of toxicants.Science of the Total Environment, 406, 484-490.〕 SPEARpesticides is linked to the quality classes of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD)〔Beketov MA, Liess M, 2008. An indicator for effects of organic toxicants on lotic invertebrate communities: independence of confounding environmental factors over an extensive river continuum.Environmental Pollution, 156, 980-987.〕 ==History== SPEARpesticides has been first developed for Central Germany〔 and was then adapted and validated for streams and mesocosms worldwide. Denmark,〔Rasmussen JJ, McKnight US, Loinaz MC, Thomsen NI, Olsson ME, Bjerg PL, Binning PJ, Kronvang, B. 2013. A catchment scale evaluation of multiple stressor effects in headwater streams. Science of the Total Environment. 442, 420-431.〕〔Schäfer R, vd Ohe P, Rasmussen J, Kefford B, Beketov M, Schulz R, Liess M. 2012. Thresholds for the effects of pesticides on invertebrate communities and leaf breakdown in stream ecosystems. ES&T. 2012, 46, 5134−5142.〕 Finland,〔 France,〔 Germany,〔〔 Switzerland Australia〔Burgert S, Schäfer R, Foit K, Kattwinkel M, Metzeling M, MacEwand R, Kefford BJ, Liess M. 2011. Modelling Aquatic Exposure and Effects of Insecticides - Application to South-Eastern Australia. Science of the Total Environment. 409. 2807-2814.〕〔Schäfer RB, Kefford B, Metzeling L, Liess M, Burgert S, Marchant R, Pettigrove V, Goonan P, Nugegoda D. 2011. A trait database of stream invertebrates for the ecological risk assessment of single and combined effects of salinity and pesticides in South-East Australia.Science of the Total Environment, 406, 484-490.〕 Russia〔Schletterer M, Füreder L, Kuzovlev VV, Beketov MA. 2010. Testing the coherence of several macroinvertebrate indices and environmental factors in a large lowland river system (Volga River, Russia). Ecological Indicators. 10(6):1083-1092.〕 Mesocosms〔Liess M, Beketov M. 2011. Traits and stress - keys to identify community effects of low levels of toxicants in test systems. Ecotoxiccology. 20(6). 1328-1340.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「SPEARpesticides」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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