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The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)〔Metcalf and Eddy, Water Resources Engineers, and University of Florida 1971. Storm Water Management Model, US EPA, Washington, D.C. Vol. I - Final Report, 11024DOC 7/71. Vol. II - Verification and Testing, 11024DOC 8/71. Vol. III - User's Manual, 11024DOC 9/71. Vol. IV - Program Listing, 11024DOC 10/71.〕〔Huber, W. C., J. P. Heaney, M. A. Medina, W. A. Peltz, H. Sheikh, and G. F. Smith. 1975. Storm Water Management Model User’s Manual, Version II. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.〕〔Huber, W. C., J. P. Heaney, S. J. Nix, R. E. Dickinson, and D. J. Polmann, 1981. Storm Water Management Model. User's Manual Ver. III, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency〕〔Huber, W. C. and R. E. Dickinson, 1988, Storm Water Management Model. User's Manual Ver. IV, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency〕〔Roesner, L.A., R.E. Dickinson and J.A. Aldrich (1988) Storm Water Management Model – Version 4: User’s Manual – Addendum 1 EXTRAN; Cooperative Agreement CR-811607; U.S.EPA; Athens, Georgia.〕〔Rossman, Lewis A., Storm Water Management Model User’s Manual, EPA/600/R-05/040, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH (June 2007)〕〔Rossman, Lewis A., Storm Water Management Model Quality Assurance Report, Dynamic Wave Flow Routing, EPA/600/R-06/097, September 2006〕 is a dynamic rainfall–runoff–subsurface runoff simulation model used for single-event to long-term (continuous) simulation of the surface/subsurface hydrology quantity and quality from primarily urban/suburban areas. The hydrology component of SWMM operates on a collection of subcatchment areas divided into impervious and (pervious ) areas with and without depression storage to predict runoff and pollutant loads from precipitation, evaporation and infiltration losses from each of the subcatchment. In addition low impact development (LID) and best management practice areas on the subcatchment can be modeled to reduce the impervious and pervious runoff. The routing or hydraulics section of SWMM transports this water and possible associated water quality constituents through a system of closed pipes, open channels, storage/treatment devices, ponds, storages, pumps, orifices, weirs, outlets, outfalls and other regulators. SWMM tracks the quantity and quality of the flow generated within each subcatchment, and the flow rate, flow depth, and quality of water in each pipe and channel during a simulation period composed of multiple fixed or variable time steps. The water quality constituents such as water quality constituents can be simulated from buildup on the subcatchments through washoff to a hydraulic network with optional first order decay and linked pollutant removal, best management practice and low-impact development (LID) removal and treatment can be simulated at selected storage nodes. SWMM is one of the hydrology transport models which the EPA and other agencies have applied widely throughout North America and through consultants and universities throughout the world. The latest update notes and new features can be found on the (EPA website in the download section. ) Recently added in November 2015 was the (EPA SWMM 5.1 Hydrology Manual ) == Program description == The EPA storm water management model (SWMM) is a dynamic rainfall-runoff-routing simulation model used for single event or long-term (continuous) simulation of runoff quantity and quality from primarily urban areas. The runoff component of SWMM operates on a collection of subcatchment areas that receive precipitation and generate runoff and pollutant loads. The routing portion of SWMM transports this runoff through a system of pipes, channels, storage/treatment devices, pumps, and regulators. SWMM tracks the quantity and quality of runoff generated within each subcatchment, and the flow rate, flow depth, and quality of water in each pipe and channel during a simulation period divided into multiple time steps. SWMM accounts for various hydrologic processes that produce runoff from urban areas. These include: # time-varying rainfall # evaporation of standing surface water # snow accumulation and melting # rainfall interception from depression storage # infiltration of rainfall into unsaturated soil layers # percolation of infiltrated water into groundwater layers # interflow between groundwater and the drainage system # nonlinear reservoir routing of overland flow # capture and retention of rainfall/runoff with various types of low impact development (LID) practices. SWMM also contains a flexible set of hydraulic modeling capabilities used to route runoff and external inflows through the drainage system network of pipes, channels, storage/treatment units and diversion structures. These include the ability to: # handle networks of unlimited size· # use a wide variety of standard closed and open conduit shapes as well as natural channels· # model special elements such as storage/treatment units, flow dividers, pumps, weirs, and orifices· # apply external flows and water quality inputs from surface runoff, groundwater interflow, rainfall-dependent infiltration/inflow, dry weather sanitary flow, and user-defined inflows # utilize either kinematic wave or full dynamic wave flow routing methods· # model various flow regimes, such as backwater, surcharging, reverse flow, and surface ponding· # apply user-defined dynamic control rules to simulate the operation of pumps, orifice openings, and weir crest levels. Spatial variability in all of these processes is achieved by dividing a study area into a collection of smaller, homogeneous subcatchment areas, each containing its own fraction of pervious and impervious sub-areas. Overland flow can be routed between sub-areas, between subcatchments, or between entry points of a drainage system. Since its inception, SWMM has been used in thousands of sewer and stormwater studies throughout the world. Typical applications include: # design and sizing of drainage system components for flood control # sizing of detention facilities and their appurtenances for flood control and water quality protection· # flood plain mapping of natural channel systems, by modeling the river hydraulics and associated flooding problems using prismatic channels· # designing control strategies for minimizing Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) and Sanitary Sewer Overflow (SSO)· # evaluating the impact of inflow and infiltration on sanitary sewer overflows· # generating non-point source pollutant loadings for waste load allocation studies· # evaluating the effectiveness of BMPs and Subcatchment LID's for reducing wet weather pollutant loadings.Rainfall-runoff modeling of urban and rural watersheds # hydraulic and water quality analysis of storm, sanitary, and combined sewer systems # master planning of sewer collection systems and urban watersheds # system evaluations associated with USEPA's regulations including NDPES permits, CMOM, and TMDL # 1D and 2D (surface ponding) predictions of flood levels and flooding volume EPA SWMM is public-domain software that may be freely copied and distributed. The SWMM 5 public domain consists of C engine code and Delphi SWMM 5 graphical user interface code. The C code and Delphi code are easily edited and can be recompiled by students and professionals for custom features or extra output features. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Storm Water Management Model」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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