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Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian-born US anarchists who were convicted of murdering a guard and a paymaster during the armed robbery of the Slater and Morrill Shoe Company, committed April 15, 1920, in South Braintree, Massachusetts, United States, and were executed by electrocution seven years later at Charlestown State Prison. Both adhered to an anarchist movement that advocated relentless warfare against the government.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Anarchy in the U.S. - Sacco and Vanzetti Subject of LC Lecture, September 18, 1995 )〕 After a few hours' deliberation, the jury found Sacco and Vanzetti guilty of first-degree murder on July 14, 1921. A series of appeals followed, funded largely by a private Sacco and Vanzetti Defense Committee. The appeals were based on recanted testimony, conflicting ballistics evidence, a prejudicial pre-trial statement by the jury foreman, and a confession by an alleged participant in the robbery. All appeals were denied by trial judge Webster Thayer and eventually by the Massachusetts State Supreme Court. By 1925, the case had drawn worldwide attention. As details of the trial and the men's suspected innocence became known, Sacco and Vanzetti became the center of one of the largest causes célèbres in modern history. In 1927, protests on their behalf were held in every major city in North America and Europe, as well as in Tokyo, Sydney, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, and Johannesburg.〔Jornal Folha da Manhã, segunda-feira, 22 de agosto de 1927〕 Celebrated writers, artists, and academics pleaded for their pardon or for a new trial. Harvard law professor and future Supreme Court justice Felix Frankfurter argued for their innocence in a widely read ''Atlantic Monthly'' article that was later published in book form. Sacco and Vanzetti were sentenced to death in April 1927, accelerating the outcry. Responding to a massive influx of telegrams urging their pardon, Massachusetts governor Alvan Fuller appointed a three-man commission to investigate the case. After weeks of secret deliberation, which included interviews with the judge, lawyers, and several witnesses, the commission upheld the verdict. Sacco and Vanzetti were executed via electric chair on August 23, 1927.〔 Subsequent riots destroyed property in Paris, London, and other cities. Investigations of the case continued throughout the 1930s and 1940s. The publication of the men's letters, containing eloquent professions of innocence, intensified belief in their wrongful execution. Additional ballistics tests and incriminating statements by the men's acquaintances have clouded the case. In 1977, Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis issued a proclamation that Sacco and Vanzetti had been unfairly tried and convicted and that "any disgrace should be forever removed from their names", but did not proclaim them innocent. ==Background== Sacco was a shoemaker and a night watchman, born April 22, 1891 in Torremaggiore, Province of Foggia, Apulia region, Italy, who emigrated to the United States at the age of seventeen.〔''The New York Times'', March 5, 1922〕 Vanzetti was a fishmonger born June 11, 1888 in Villafalletto, Province of Cuneo, Piedmont region, who arrived in the United States at age twenty. Both men left Italy for the US in 1908, although they did not meet until a 1917 strike. The men were believed to be followers of Luigi Galleani, an Italian anarchist who advocated revolutionary violence, including bombing and assassination. Galleani published ''Cronaca Sovversiva'' (''Subversive Chronicle''), a periodical that advocated violent revolution, and a bomb-making manual called ''La Salute è in voi!'' (''Health is in you!''). At the time, Italian anarchists – in particular the Galleanist group – ranked at the top of the United States government's list of dangerous enemies.〔Avrich, Paul, ''Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background'', Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-02604-1, ISBN 978-0-691-02604-6 (1996), p. 134〕 Since 1914, the Galleanists had been identified as suspects in several violent bombings and assassination attempts, including an attempted mass poisoning.〔''New York Times'': ("Chicago Anarchists Held in Poison Plot," February 14, 1916 ), accessed July 12, 2010〕〔Avrich, Paul, ''Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background'', Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-02604-1, ISBN 978-0-691-02604-6 (1996), p. 98〕〔Anonimi Compagni (Anonymous Fellow Anarchists), ''Un Trentennio di Attività Anarchica, 1914- 1945'', Edizioni L'Antistato, Cesena (1953) (reprinted 2002), pp. 195–197〕 Publication of ''Cronaca Sovversiva'' was suppressed in July 1918, and the government deported Galleani and eight of his closest associates on June 24, 1919.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Sacco-Vanzetti Case (overview) )〕 Remaining Galleanists remained active. For three years, perhaps 60 Galleanists waged an intermittent campaign of violence against US politicians, judges, and other federal and local officials, especially those who had supported deportation of alien radicals. Among the dozen of more violent acts was the bombing of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer's home on June 2, 1919. In that incident, Carlo Valdonoci, a former editor of ''Cronaca Sovversiva'' and an associate of Sacco and Vanzetti, was killed when the bomb intended for Palmer exploded in Valdonoci's hands. Radical pamphlets entitled "Plain Words" signed "The Anarchist Fighters" were found at the scene of this and several other midnight bombings that night.〔 Several Galleanist associates were suspected or interrogated about their roles in the bombing incidents. Two days before Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested, a Galleanist named Andrea Salsedo fell to his death from the US Justice Department's Bureau of Investigation (BOI) offices on 15 Park Row in New York City.〔 Salsedo had worked in the Canzani Printshop in Brooklyn, to where federal agents traced the "Plain Words" leaflet. 〔McCormick, Charles H., ''Hopeless Cases, The Hunt For The Red Scare Terrorist Bombers'', Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, pp. 60-61. Quote: "Elia claims to have been soundly asleep when Salsedo allegedly climbed out the window a few feet away from him, then silently jumped into eternity. Nor did he hear the agents running into his room to find out what had happened; he was snoring loudly when they entered."〕 Roberto Elia, a fellow New York printer and admitted anarchist,〔Tejada, Susan, ''In Search of Sacco and Vanzetti: Double Lives, Troubled Times, and the Massachusetts Murder Case that Shook the World'', Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2012, ISBN 978-1-55553-730-2, 978-1-55553-778-4 (ebook), p. 117〕 was later deposed in the inquiry, and testified that Salsedo had committed suicide for fear of betraying the others. He portrayed himself as the 'strong' one who had resisted the police.〔David Felix, ''Protest: Sacco-Vanzetti and the Intellectuals'', Bloomington: Indiana University Press (1965), 75–76, 80〕 According to anarchist writer Carlo Tresca, Elia changed his story later, stating that Federal agents had thrown Salsedo out the window.〔McCormick, ''Hopeless Cases'', p. 60〕 Salsedo's death was a disaster for the Bureau, which had lost a potential court witness and source of information. The Galleanists knew that Salsedo had been held by the Bureau and might have talked to authorities. Rumors swirled in the anarchist community that Salsedo had made important disclosures concerning the bomb plot of June 2. The Galleanist plotters realized that they would have to go underground and dispose of any incriminating evidence. After their arrest, Sacco and Vanzetti were found to have correspondence with several Galleanists; one letter warned Sacco to destroy all mail after reading. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sacco and Vanzetti」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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