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Sadness (also called heavy-heartedness) is emotional pain associated with, or characterized by feelings of disadvantage, loss, despair, helplessness, disappointment and sorrow. An individual experiencing sadness may become quiet or lethargic, and withdraw themselves from others. Crying is often an indication of sadness.〔Jellesma F.C., & Vingerhoets A.J.J.M. (2012). ''Sex Roles'' (Vol. 67, Iss. 7, pp. 412-421). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer〕 Sadness is one of the "six basic emotions" described by Paul Ekman, along with happiness, anger, surprise, fear and disgust.〔Daniel Goleman, ''Emotional Intelligence'' (London 1996) p. 271〕 ==In childhood== Sadness is a common experience in childhood. Acknowledging such emotions can make it much easier for families to address more serious emotional problems,〔T. Berry Brazleton, ''To Listen to a Child'' (1992) p. 46 and p. 48〕 although some families may have a (conscious or unconscious) rule that sadness is "not allowed". Robin Skynner has suggested that this may cause problems, because with sadness "screened-off" we are left a bit shallow and manic.〔R. Skynner/J. Cleese, ''Families and how to survive them'' (1994) p. 33 and p. 36〕 Sadness is part of the normal process of the child separating from an early symbiosis with the mother and becoming more independent. Every time a child separates just a tiny bit more, he or she will have to cope with a small loss. If the mother cannot allow the minor distress involved, the child may never learn how to deal with sadness by themselves.〔R. Skynner/J. Cleese, ''Families and how to survive them'' (1994) p. 158–9〕 Pediatrician T. Berry Brazelton argues that too much cheering a child up devalues the emotion of sadness for them;〔Brazleton, p. 52〕 and Selma Fraiberg suggests that it is important to respect a child's right to experience a loss fully and deeply.〔Selma H. Fraiberg, ''The Magic Years'' (New York 1987) p. 274〕 Margaret Mahler also saw the ability to feel sadness as an emotional achievement, as opposed for example to warding it off through restless hyperactivity.〔M. Mahler et al, ''The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant'' (London 1975) p. 92〕 D. W. Winnicott similarly saw in sad crying the psychological root of valuable musical experiences in later life.〔D. W. Winnicott, ''The Child, the Family, and the Outside World'' (Penguin 1973) p. 64〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sadness」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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