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, often spelled saké ( or ) in English, is a Japanese rice wine made by fermenting rice that has been polished to remove the bran. Unlike wine, in which alcohol (ethanol) is produced by fermenting sugar that is naturally present in grapes, sake is produced by a brewing process more like that of beer, where the starch is converted into sugars, before being converted to alcohol. The brewing process for sake differs from the process for beer in that, for beer, the conversion from starch to sugar and from sugar to alcohol occurs in two discrete steps. Like other rice wines, when sake is brewed, these conversions occur simultaneously. Furthermore, the alcohol content differs between sake, wine, and beer. Wine generally contains 9%–16% ABV,〔Robinson, Jancis. ''The Oxford Companion to Wine'', 3rd edition, (Oxford University Press: 2006). See ''alcoholic strength'' at p. 10.〕 while most beer contains 3%–9%, and undiluted sake contains 18%–20% (although this is often lowered to about 15% by diluting with water prior to bottling). In the Japanese language, the word "''sake''" (酒, "liquor", also pronounced ''shu'') can refer to any alcoholic drink, while the beverage called "sake" in English is usually termed nihonshu (日本酒, "Japanese liquor"). Under Japanese liquor laws, sake is labelled with the word seishu (清酒, "clear liquor"), a synonym less commonly used in conversation. In Japan, where it is the national beverage, sake is often served with special ceremony – gently warmed in a small earthenware or porcelain bottle called a ''tokkuri'', and sipped from a small porcelain cup called a ''guinomi''. ==History== The origin of sake is unclear. The making of Chinese alcoholic beverages predates recorded history. In the Yellow River area, bronze vessels for heating and serving alcoholic beverages survive from the later Shang dynasty (whose oracle bones contained the first surviving Chinese characters) including the word for alcoholic beverages (", pinyin: ''Jiǔ''). The earliest reference to the use of alcohol in Japan is recorded in the ''Book of Wei'' in the ''Records of the Three Kingdoms''. This 3rd-century Chinese text speaks of the Japanese drinking and dancing. Alcoholic beverages (酒) are mentioned several times in the ''Kojiki'', Japan's first written history, which was compiled in 712 AD. Bamforth (2005) places the probable origin of true sake (which is made from rice, water, and ''kōji'' mold (, ''Aspergillus oryzae'') in the Nara period (710 to 794). In the Heian period, sake was used for religious ceremonies, court festivals, and drinking games.〔Morris, Ivan. (1964) ''The World of the Shining Prince: Court Life in Ancient Japan.''〕 Sake production was a government monopoly for a long time, but in the 10th century, temples and shrines began to brew sake, and they became the main centers of production for the next 500 years. The ''Tamon-in Diary'', written by abbots of Tamon-in (temple) from 1478 to 1618, records many details of brewing in the temple. The diary shows that pasteurization and the process of adding ingredients to the main fermentation mash in three stages were established practices by that time. In the 16th century, the technique of distillation was introduced into the Kyushu district from Ryukyu. The brewing of shochu, called "Imo—sake" started, and was sold at the central market in Kyoto. In the 18th century, Engelbert Kaempfer and Isaac Titsingh〔Titsingh, Isaac. (1781). (''"Bereiding van de Sacki"'' ("Production of Sake"), ''Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap'' (''Transactions of the Batavian Academy''). ) Vol. III. (OCLC 9752305 )〕 published accounts identifying sake as a popular alcoholic beverage in Japan; but Titsingh was the first to try to explain and describe the process of sake brewing. The work of both writers was widely disseminated throughout Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.〔Morewood, Samuel. (1824). ( ''An Essay on the Inventions and Customs of Both Ancients and Moderns in the Use of Inebriating Liquors,'' p. 136. )〕 During the Meiji Restoration, laws were written that allowed anybody with the money and know-how to construct and operate their own sake breweries. Around 30,000 breweries sprang up around the country within a year. However, as the years went by, the government levied more and more taxes on the sake industry and slowly the number of breweries dwindled to 8,000. Most of the breweries that grew and survived this period were set up by wealthy landowners. Landowners who grew rice crops would have rice left over at the end of the season and, rather than letting these leftovers go to waste, would ship it to their breweries. The most successful of these family breweries still operate today. During the 20th century, sake-brewing technology grew by leaps and bounds. The government opened the sake-brewing research institute in 1904, and in 1907 the very first government-run sake tasting/competition was held. Yeast strains specifically selected for their brewing properties were isolated and enamel-coated steel tanks arrived. The government started hailing the use of enamel tanks as easy to clean, lasting forever, and being devoid of bacterial problems. (The government considered wooden barrels to be unhygienic because of the potential bacteria living in the wood.) Although these things are true, the government also wanted more tax money from breweries, as using wooden barrels means that a significant amount of sake is lost to evaporation (somewhere around 3%), which could have otherwise been taxed. This was the end of the wooden-barrel age of sake and the use of wooden barrels in brewing was completely eliminated. In Japan, sake has long been taxed by the national government. In 1898, this tax brought in about 55 million yen out of a total of about 120 million yen, about 46% of the government's total direct tax income.〔Casal, U.A. 1939. "Some notes on the Sakazuki and the Role of Drinking Sake in Japan. ''Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan''. p. 73〕 During the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905, the government banned the home brewing of sake. At the time, sake still made up an astonishing 30% of Japan's tax revenue. Since home-brewed sake is tax-free sake, the logic was that by banning the home brewing of sake, sales would go up, and more tax money would be collected. This was the end of home-brewed sake, and the law remains in effect today even though sake sales now make up only 2% of government income. When World War II brought rice shortages, the sake-brewing industry was dealt a hefty blow as the government clamped down on the use of rice for brewing. As early as the late 17th century, it had been discovered that small amounts of alcohol could be added to sake before pressing to extract aromas and flavors from the rice solids, but during the war, pure alcohol and glucose were added to small quantities of rice mash, increasing the yield by as much as four times. 75% of today's sake is made using this technique, left over from the war years. There were even a few breweries producing "sake" that contained no rice at all. Naturally, the quality of sake during this time varied greatly. After the war, breweries slowly began to recover, and the quality of sake gradually went up. However, new players on the scene—beer, wine, and spirits—became very popular in Japan, and in the 1960s beer consumption surpassed sake for the first time. Sake consumption continued to go down while, in contrast, the quality of sake steadily improved. Today, sake has become a world beverage with a few breweries springing up in China, Southeast Asia, South America, North America, and Australia. More breweries are also turning to older methods of production. While the rest of the world may be drinking more sake and the quality of sake has been increasing, sake production in Japan has been declining since the mid-1970s. The number of sake breweries is also declining. While there were 3,229 breweries nationwide in fiscal 1975, the number had fallen to 1,845 in 2007.〔 〕 October 1 is the official Sake Day (日本酒の日) of Japan.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.sakejapan.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sake」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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