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Salassi
The Salassi were a Celtic or Celticized Italic or Ligurian tribe whose lands lay on the Italian side of the Little St Bernard Pass across the Graian Alps to Lyons, and the Great St Bernard Pass over the Pennine Alps. They were finally defeated and many enslaved in 25 BCE by the Romans, who founded the city of Augusta Praetoria Salassorum, modern Aosta, in their territory.
==Relations with the Romans==
At the lower end of their territory were gold mines, which the Roman Republic took in 143 BCE. In 100 B.C., the city of Eporedia (modern Ivrea) was founded in the basin at the bottom of the area. Relations with the Romans were not uniformly peaceful; Strabo mentions that the Salassi robbed Julius Caesar's treasury and threw rocks on his legions on the grounds that they were making roads and building bridges.〔Strabo Geography 4.6.7〕 There may have been a Roman campaign against the Salassi in 35 or 34 BCE under Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus〔Syme R. The Augustan Aristocracy. OUP 1989. Google Books http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fj8oQ4lzteIC pages 204-5 〕 or Antistius Vetus.〔The Cambridge Ancient History. Alan K. Bowman, Edward Champlin, Andrew Lintott. Google Books http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JZLW4-wba7UC page 169〕
For their last decade of freedom the Salassi (with some other, mainly Alpine, tribes subjugated by 14 BCE) were almost the only remaining groups not under Roman control in the Mediterranean basin. After the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE the Roman world was united under one ruler, Augustus, who could concentrate Roman forces against remaining holdouts. The end of independence for the Salassi came at the hands of Aulus Terentius Varro Murena in 25 BCE. Strabo records that two thousand Salassi were killed and all the survivors, nearly 40,000 men, women, and children, were taken to Eporedia and sold into slavery. However, some remained; an inscription found near the west gate of Augusta Praetoria Salassorum is a dedication to Augustus dated 23 BCE of a statue (?) by "the Salassi who had joined the colony from its beginning."〔(text dated 1910, no further attribution. "Local archaeologists are mistaken in supposing the inscription to belong to the gate. Not only does its vertical shape disprove this, but the fact that this is a private dedication by a group of the inhabitants, whereas city gates cannot be dedicated except publicly by the whole city or the highest authorities. Therefore, before 23 B.C., the city of Aosta, with its walls, gates, and public monuments, must have been practically completed." )〕
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