|
Gaius Sallustius Crispus, usually anglicised as Sallust (; 86 – c. 35 BC〔.〕), was a Roman historian, politician, and ''novus homo'' from a provincial plebeian family. Sallust was born at Amiternum in the country of the Sabines and was a ''popularis,'' opposer of the old Roman aristocracy throughout his career, and later a partisan of Julius Caesar. Sallust is the earliest known Roman historian with surviving works to his name, of which we have ''Catiline's War'' (about the conspiracy in 63 BC of L. Sergius Catilina), ''The Jugurthine War'' (about Rome's war against the Numidians from 111 to 105 BC), and the ''Histories'' (of which only fragments survive). Sallust was primarily influenced by the Greek historian Thucydides and amassed great (and ill-gotten) wealth from his governorship of Africa.〔Woodman, ''Catiline's War, the Jugurthine War, Histories'', p. xxvii〕 == Life and career == Sallust was probably born in Amiternum in Central Italy,〔Syme, R. (1964) ''Sallust''. University of California Press. P. 7〕〔Mellor, R. J. (1999) ''The Roman historians''. Routledge. P. 30〕〔Grant, M. (1995) ''Greek and Roman historians: information and misinformation''. Routledge. P. 13〕 though Eduard Schwartz takes the view that Sallust's birthplace was Rome.〔Syme, R. (1964) ''Sallust''. University of California Press. P. 15. R. Syme provides an analysis of the hypothesis〕 His birthdate is calculated from the report of Jerome's ''Chronicon''.〔Syme, R. (1964) ''Sallust''. University of California Press. P. 13〕 But Ronald Syme suggests that Jerome's date has to be adjusted because of his carelessness.〔 The New Zealand historian offers 87 BC as a more correct date.〔 However, dating Sallust's birth as 86 BC is widely used,〔〔 Альбрехт, М. (2002) ''История римской литературы'', Т. 1. Греко-латинский кабинет. С. 480〕〔 Горенштейн, В. О. (1981) ''Гай Саллюстий Крисп. Сочинения''. Наука. С. 148〕 and the ''Kleine Pauly Encyclopedia'' uses 1 October 86 BC as the birthdate.〔Schmidt, P. L. "Sallustius. 4" In ''Der Kleine Pauly''. Bd. IV. Sp. 1513〕 Michael Grant cautiously offers 80s BC.〔 There is no information about Sallust's parents.〔Syme, R. (1964) ''Sallust''. University of California Press. P. 14〕 The only exception (regarding his family) is Tacitus' mention of his sister.〔Tacitus. Annales, III, 30, 3〕 ''Sallustii'' was a provincial noble family of Sabine origin.〔〔〔Syme, R. (1964) ''Sallust''. University of California Press. P. 9〕 They belonged to the ''equites'' and had a full Roman citizenship.〔 During the Social War Gaius' parents could hide in the capital, because Amiternum was under threat of siege by rebelling Italic tribes.〔Syme, R. (1964) ''Sallust''. University of California Press. P. 12〕 Due to this Sallust could have been raised in Rome〔 He received a very good education.〔 After an ill-spent youth, Sallust entered public life and may have won election as ''quaestor'' in 55 BC. However, there is no strict evidence about this, and some scholars suppose that Sallust had not been a ''quaestor'' — the practice of violating ''cursus honorum'' was common in the last years of the Republic.〔〔Syme, R. (1964) ''Sallust''. University of California Press. P. 28〕〔Earl D. C. ''The Early Career of Sallust'' in Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. Vol. 15, No. 3. 1966. P. 306〕 He became a Tribune of the Plebs in 52 BC, the year in which the followers of Milo killed Clodius in a street brawl. Sallust then supported the prosecution of Milo. Sallust, Titus Munatius Plancus and Quintus Pompeius Rufus also tried to blame Cicero, one of the leaders of the Senators' opposition to triumvirate, for his support of Milo.〔(Asc. Mil., 20 (37)) Asconius Pedianus. Commentary on ''Pro Milone'', 20 (37)〕 Syme suggests that Sallust, because of his position in Milo's trial, did not originally support Caesar.〔Syme, R. (1964) ''Sallust''. University of California Press. P. 29〕 T. Mommsen states that Sallust acted in Pompey's interests (according to Mommsen, Pompey was preparing to install his own dictatorship).〔Моммзен, Т. (2005) ''История Рима. Т. 3.'' Наука. С. 223〕 According to one inscription, some Sallustius with unclear ''praenomen'' was a proquaestor in Syria in 50 BC under Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus.〔Broughton, T. R. S. (1952) ''Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', Vol. 2. American Philological Association. P. 242〕 Theodor Mommsen identified Sallustius from Syria with Sallust the historian, though T. R. S. Broughton argued that Sallust the historian couldn't be an assistant to Julius Caesar's adversary.〔Broughton, T. R. S. (1952) ''Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', Vol. 2. American Philological Association. P. 247〕 From the beginning of his public career, Sallust operated as a decided partisan of Julius Caesar, to whom he owed such political advancement as he attained. In 50 BC, the ''censor'' Appius Claudius Pulcher removed him from the Senate on the grounds of gross immorality (probably really because of his opposition to Milo and Cicero). In the following year, perhaps through Caesar's influence, he was reinstated. During the Civil War of 49–45 BC Sallust acted as Caesar's partisan, but his role was not significant, so his name is not mentioned in the dictator's ''Commentarii de Bello Civili''.〔Syme, R. (1964) ''Sallust''. University of California Press. P. 36〕 It was reported that Sallust dined with Caesar, Hirtius, Oppius, Balbus and Sulpicius Rufus on the night after his famous crossing over the Rubicon river into Italy on 10 January. In 49 BC Sallust was moved to Illyricum and probably commanded at least one legion there after failure of Publius Cornelius Dolabella and Gaius Antonius.〔〔 This campaign was unsuccessful.〔 In 48 BC he was probably made quaestor by Caesar to re-enter the Senate.〔 However, the last statement is based on the "Invective against Sallust" ascribed to Cicero〔Broughton, T. R. S. (1952) ''Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', Vol. 2. American Philological Association. P. 274〕 but which is probably a later forgery. In the late summer 47 BC a group of soldiers rebelled near Rome, demanding their discharge and payment for service. Sallust as ''praetor designatus'' was sent to persuade the soldiers with several other senators, but the rebels killed two senators, while Sallust narrowly escaped death.〔(App. B. C., II, 92) Appian. Roman history. Civil wars, II, 92〕〔(Cass. Dio, XLII, 52) Cassius Dio. Roman history, XLII, 52〕 In 46 BC, he served as a ''praetor'' and accompanied Caesar in his African campaign, which ended in the decisive defeat of the remains of the Pompeian war party at Thapsus. Sallust did not participate in military operations directly, but he commanded several ships and organized supply through the Kerkennah Islands.〔Syme, R. (1964) ''Sallust''. University of California Press. P. 37〕 As a reward for his services, Sallust gained appointment as governor of the province of Africa Nova. The reason of his designation is unclear: Sallust was not a skilled general, while the province was militarly significant with three legions deployed there.〔 Moreover, governors after him were experienced military men.〔 However, Sallust successfully managed the organizing of supply and transportation, and these qualities could determine Caesar's choice.〔 In the capacity of governor he committed such oppression and extortion that only the influence of Caesar enabled him to escape condemnation. On his return to Rome he purchased and began laying out in great splendour the famous gardens on the Quirinal known as the ''Horti Sallustiani'' or Gardens of Sallust. These gardens would later belong to the emperors. Sallust then retired from public life and devoted himself to historical literature, and further developed his Gardens, upon which he spent much of his accumulated wealth. According to Hieronymus Stridonensis, Sallust later became the second husband of Cicero's ex-wife Terentia.〔Hieronymus. Adversus Jovinianum Libri Duo, I, 48: "Illa () () nupsit Sallustio" Read online: ()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sallust」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|