|
Salona () was an ancient city and capital of Roman province on the Dalmatian coast located in modern-day Croatia. The name Salona preserves the language of the early inhabitants of this area whom the Romans called Dalmatae, and considered to be part of a larger group called Illyrians.〔John J. Wilkes. ''Dalmatia''. 1969〕 Salona (or Salon) is situated near today's town of Solin, about 5 km from Split. In the first millennium BCE,〔(Solin early history )〕 the Greeks had set up an ''emporion'' (marketplace) there.〔Excavations at Salona, Yugoslavia, 1969-1972: conducted for the Department of Classics, Douglass College, Rutg, by Christoph W. Clairmont, 1975, ISBN 0-8155-5040-5, page 4, "If we are correct in our interpretation of the earliest finds from Salona, the emporion, even if very small, was a settlement in a strategic position"〕 After the conquest by the Romans, Salona became the capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia.〔John Everett-Heath. "Dalmatia." ''Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names''. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com〕 Colonia Martia Iulia Salona (the full name of the ancient city) was founded probably after the roman civil wars by Caesar's deduction. Early roman city encompassed what Enjar Dyggve called Urbs vetus, namely the area around Forum and Theater. The entrance to Urbs vetus (Porta Caesarea) was placed on the north-east side of the walls which was fortified with towers during the reign of Augustus.〔Jasna Jeličić-Radonić and Ana Sedlar. "Topografija antičke Salone (I) Salonitanska Urbs vetus." ''Tusculum 2.''〕 The early trapezoid shape of the city was transformed by eastern and western expansion of the city, which Dyggve called Urbs orientalis and Urbs occidentalis. The city quickly acquired Roman characteristics: walls; a forum; a theater; an amphitheater — the most conspicuous above-ground remains today; public baths; and an aqueduct. Many inscriptions in both Latin and Greek have been found both inside the walls and in the cemeteries outside, since Romans forbade burials inside the city boundaries. A number of fine marble sarcophagi from those cemeteries are now in the (Archaeological Museum of Split ). All this archaeological evidence attests to the city's prosperity and integration into the Roman Empire. Salona had a mint that was connected with the mint in Sirmium and silver mines in the Dinaric Alps through Via Argentaria. When the Roman Emperor Diocletian retired, he erected a monumental palace nearby. This massive structure, known as Diocletian's Palace, became the core of the modern city of Split. Salona's continuing prosperity resulted in extensive church building in the fourth and fifth centuries, including an episcopal basilica and a neighboring church and baptistery inside the walls, and several shrines honoring martyrs outside. These have made it a major site for studying the development of Christian sacred architecture.〔Ejnar Dyggve. History of Salonitan Christianity. 1951. (Summary of most important buildings and possible interpretations); see now A. M. Yasin. "Reassessing Salona's Churches: Martyrium Evolution in Question," ''Journal of Early Christian Studies'' 20:1 (2012): 59–112 and (recent excavations )〕 Salona was largely destroyed in the invasions of the Avars and Slavs in the sixth and seventh centuries CE. Refugees from Salona settled inside the remains of Diocletian's Palace.〔Charles George Herbermann, ''The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference'' (1913) see also Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. 1967, ''De administrando imperio''; Greek text edited by Gy. Moravcsik; English translation by R. J. H. Jenkins.rev.ed. : Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1967, 1985 and Thomae Archidiaconi. 2006. ''Spalatensis Historia Salonitanorum atque Spalatinorum pontificum'' – Archdeacon Thomas of Split: ''History of the Bishops of Salona and Split''. Damir Karbić, Mirjana Matijević Sokol, Olga Perić and James Ross Sweeney,eds. Budapest: CEU Press.〕 ==The City Walls== The construction of the Salonitan city walls took several centuries. Earliest part of the city, Urbs vetus, was surrounded by walls as early as the second century BCE. During the Pax Romana city expanded outside the core Urbs vetus. The expansion was both east of the core town and west of it. Western expansion created so-called Urbs occidentalis, while suburb eastern of Urbs vetus became Urbs orientalis. During the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius around 170 A.D., under constant threat of Germanic tribes, Urbs occidentalis and Urbs orientalis were being bounded by walls and fortified with at least 90 towers. Some parts of existing buildings were used as an elongation to the walls thus making them their integral part. Total circumference of the elliptical shape of the walls was approximately 4.080 meters, with varying width from 1,9 to 2,5 meters. During the reign of Emperor Theodosius II in the early fifth century all the towers were reconstructed, as witnessed by an inscription on the walls. Furthermore, in the first half of the sixth century, in order to improve city's security and defense system, triangular shaped endings were added to some square-shaped towers. Such examples are visible today on the northern side of the Urbs orientalis. Best preserved part of the oldest part of the city (Urbs vetus) is eastern wall and Porta Caesarea with two octagonal towers and tree passages; one for cart traffic and two for pedestrians on each side of the wider passage. Central passage was probably equipped with a movable grid, as indicated by grooves on side pylons. Porta Caesarea was constructed using large regular stones primarily for fortification purposes. After eastern and western expansion had occurred, the gate lost their primary purpose and became carrying construction of the aqueduct. According to Kähler reconstruction, the gate had two floors, of which the top one was very elaborately decorated with half columns, composite capitals, and window openings. Within the gate there was small courtyard for defense purposes. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Salona」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|