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Sal·la
Sal·la ((ラテン語:Sanla)) was the Bishop of Urgell from 981 to 1010, and "one of the first Catalan figures whose own words" survive sufficiently "to give colour to his personality and actions", although all of the words attributed to him were written down by scribes.〔Jarrett, 299.〕 He receives mention in some sixty-three surviving contemporary documents. As bishop, Sal·la dated documents by the reign of Hugh the Great. Although his episcopate largely preceded the Peace of God movement in Catalonia, his excommunication of high-ranking public figures during a church–state dispute in 991 anticipated it.〔Jarrett, 306.〕 He also pioneered feudal practices such as the granting of fiefs and was frequently "ahead of the feudalising wave".〔
==Feudal politics==
Sal·la was the son of Isarn, semi-independent viscount of Conflent. His brother Bernat and Bernat's son Arnau, both viscounts in succession after Isarn, make no appeal to comital authority in all their surviving documents. Sal·la was perhaps named after his uncle Sal·la, founder of Sant Benet de Bages and "perhaps the greatest frontier magnate in tenth-century Catalonia after the counts".〔Jarrett, 296–97.〕 Throughout their lives, Sal·la and his brother Bernat endeavoured by exchanges and divisions of their patrimony (inherited estates) to consolidate the former's lands in Urgell and the latter's in Conflent and Ausona, around their respective power bases.〔Jarrett, 307.〕
Sal·la was also related, it is not known how, to the viscounts of Ausona.〔 All the bishops of Urgell from 942 to 1040 were members of this same extended family.〔Sal·la's predecessor, Guisad II, was a brother of Guadall II, viscount of Ausona, and the successor of Sal·la's nephew, Eribau, was a son of Ramon, viscount of Ausona, and himself served as viscount there from about 1033, cf. Kosto, 187 n102.〕 By 974 he was an archdeacon in the Cathedral of Urgell.〔 At a date unknown, after Sal·la became bishop, the viscount of Urgell, Guillem, swore an oath of fealty to Sal·la personally rather than to the cathedral or its patron, the Virgin. This was commonplace at a later date, but such oaths to the bishop directly are unusual among the documents of tenth-century Catalonia, and Guillem's may be the earliest a record of which survives.〔About this Jarrett, 310, writes: "the numerous early oaths to bishops of Urgell are all preserved only as copies despite the voluminous number of originals in the archive, suggesting that they were not thought important to retain". Kosto, 55, presents a chart of the earliest written oaths from the Catalan counties, showing that only two may pre-date Guillem's: the oath of Count Ermengol I of Urgell to Bishop Sal·la (992x1003) and an oath securely dated to 987 by one Ennec Bonfill to Fruia, Bishop of Vic.〕
There are three surviving charters, the first of their kind in Catalonia, which show Sal·la selling or giving back land that had first been donated to the cathedral by the one receiving it back, who owed for it an annual render in wax.〔Jarrett, 311.〕 The amount is uniform across all the donations and is the same as in a further five charters recording gifts to the cathedral for which the original owner retained usufruct for life at the price of an annual render in wax. These all appear to be simple precarial arrangements, then already well known in the rest of Francia and in Italy, where scribes had already developed formulae (absent in these charters of Urgell) distinct from those for sales and grants of usufruct. In two of these documents the tenant was required to have only one lord (that is, the bishop), which is unlike the case of typical ''precariae'' and more like that of homage later developed.〔 By thus attaching free peasants to himself, one historian writes, "Sal·la was creating seigneurial dependants thirty years before this process is usually thought to have properly begun".〔Jarrett, 312.〕
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