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:''For the parable, see Parable of the Good Samaritan. For other uses, see Samaritan (disambiguation).'' The Samaritans (Samaritan Hebrew: שוֹמְרִים ''Samerim'' "Guardians/Keepers/Watchers (the Law/Torah )", Jewish (ヘブライ語:שומרונים) ''Shomronim'', (アラビア語:السامريون) ''Sāmeriyyūn'') are an ethnoreligious group of the Levant, originating from the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Samaritans are adherents of Samaritanism, an Abrahamic religion closely related to Judaism. Samaritans believe that their worship, which is based on the Samaritan Pentateuch, is the true religion of the ancient Israelites from before the Babylonian Exile, preserved by those who remained in the Land of Israel, as opposed to Judaism, which they see as a related but altered and amended religion, brought back by those returning from the Babylonian exile. Ancestrally, Samaritans claim descent from the Israelite tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh (two sons of Joseph) as well as from the priestly tribe of Levi,〔 who have links to ancient Samaria from the period of their entry into the land of Canaan, while some suggest that it was from the beginning of the Babylonian Exile up to the Samaritan polity of Baba Rabba. Samaritans used to include a line of Benjamin tribe, but it went extinct during the decline period of the Samaritan demographics. The split between them and the Judeans began during the time of Eli the priest when, according to Samaritan tradition, Judeans split off from the central Israelite tradition.〔https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tQHQBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT148&lpg=PT148&dq=split+between+samaritans+and+judeans&source=bl&ots=yFJgWFeBZh&sig=Z_UGgrOM8tVa7zs7VtqQMmMID2g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jyCDVa_TCsPZU5bag1g&ved=0CDgQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=split%20between%20samaritans%20and%20judeans&f=false〕 The Samaritans believe that Mount Gerizim was the original Holy Place of Israel from the time that Joshua conquered Israel. The major issue between Rabbinical Jews (Jews who follow post-exile rabbinical interpretations of Judaism, who are the vast majority of Jews today) and Samaritans has always been the location of the chosen place to worship God; Jerusalem according to the Jewish faith or Mount Gerizim according to the Samaritan faith.〔 In the Talmud, a central post-exilic religious text of Judaism, the Samaritans are called ''Cutheans'' ((ヘブライ語:כותים), ''Kutim''), referring to the ancient city of Kutha, geographically located in what is today Iraq.〔"Cutheans were a very early race, widely extended and powerful. That from Assyria they extended to India, China, Arabia Petraea and Abyssinia," (Journal of Sacred Literature and Biblical Record By Henry Burgess ) - Kessinger Publishing, May 1, 2003 - p.481〕 In the biblical account, however, Cuthah was one of several cities from which people were brought to Samaria,〔Yitzhak Magen,'The Dating of the First Phase of the Samaritan Temple on Mt Gerizim in Light of Archaeological Evidence,' in Oded Lipschitz, Gary N. Knoppers, Rainer Albertz (eds.) ''Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E.,'' Eisenbrauns, 2007 pp.157ff.p.177 n.13.〕 and they worshiped Nergal.〔(2 Kings, 17:30). "According to the rabbis, his emblem was a cock".〕〔(Clarke's Commentary on the Bible - 2 Kings 17:30 )〕 Modern genetics partially supports both the claims of the Samaritans and the account in the Talmud, suggesting that the genealogy of the Samaritans lies in some combination of these two accounts.〔 Once a large community of over a million in late Roman times, the Samaritans shrank to several tens of thousands in the wake of the bloody suppression of the Third Samaritan Revolt (529 CE) against the Byzantine Christian rulers and mass conversion to Christianity under Byzantine rulers and to Islam under hundreds of years of Arab and Turkish rulers.〔M. Levy-Rubin, "New evidence relating to the process of Islamization in Palestine in the Early Muslim Period - The Case of Samaria", in: ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'', 43 (3), p. 257–276, 2000, Springer〕〔Fattal, A.(1958) ''Le statut légal des non-Musulman en pays d'Islam'', Beyrouth: Imprimerie Catholique, p. 72–73.〕 As of January 1, 2015, the population was 777,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.thesamaritanupdate.com/ )〕 divided between Kiryat Luza on Mount Gerizim and the city of Holon, just outside Tel Aviv. Most Samaritans in Israel and the West Bank today speak Hebrew and Arabic. For liturgical purposes, Samaritan Hebrew, Samaritan Aramaic, and Samaritan Arabic are used, all written in the Samaritan alphabet, a variant of the Old Hebrew alphabet, which is distinct from the Hebrew alphabet. Hebrew and later Aramaic were languages in use by the Jewish and Samaritan inhabitants of Judea prior to the Roman exile.〔("The Samaritans' Passover sacrifice" ), ''Ynetnews'', May 2, 2007〕 Although they are drafted into the Israel Defense Forces and considered by Rabbinical Judaism to be a branch of Jews,〔Shulamit Sela, ''The Head of the Rabbanite, Karaite and Samaritan Jews: On the History of a Title'', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 57, No. 2 (1994), pp. 255–267〕 the Israeli Rabbinate requires Samaritans to officially go through formal Orthodox conversion in order to be recognized as Halakhic Jews in Israel. One example is Israeli TV personality Sofi Tsedaka, who formally converted to Judaism at the age of 18.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=- - nrg - ... : )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ynet סופי צדקה עושה שבת (וחג) - יהדות )〕 ==Etymology== There is conflict over the etymology of the name for the Samaritans in Hebrew, stemming from the fact that they are referred to differently in different dialects of Hebrew. This has accompanied controversy over whether the Samaritans are named after the geographic area of Samaria (in the northern West Bank), or whether the area received its name from the group. This distinction is controversial in part because different interpretations can be used to justify or deny claims of ancestry over this region, which has been deeply contested in modern times. In Samaritan Hebrew the Samaritans call themselves "Samerim", which according to the Anchor Bible Dictionary, is derived from the Ancient Hebrew term ''Šamerim/Samerim'' שַמֶרִים, meaning "Guardians/Keepers/Watchers (the Law/Torah )".〔David Noel Freedman, ''The Anchor Bible Dictionary'', 5:941 (New York: Doubleday, 1996, c1992).〕 The Ancient Hebrew ''Šomerim'' (''Samerin'' سامرين in Arabic which have the same meaning), which in the Bible means ''Guardians'' (singular Šomer) comes from the Hebrew root verb S-M-R שמר which means: "to watch", or "to guard".〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.blbclassic.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H8104&t=KJV )〕 Historically, Samaria was the key geographical concentration of the Samaritan community. Thus, it may suggest the region of Samaria is named after the Samaritans, rather than the Samaritans being named after the region. In Jewish tradition, however, it is sometimes claimed that Mount Samaria, meaning "Watch Mountain", is actually named so because watchers used to watch from those mountains for approaching armies from Egypt in ancient times.. In modern Jewish Hebrew, the Samaritans are called ''Shomronim'', which would appear to simply mean ("inhabitants of Samaria", Samaria in Jewish Hebrew being Shomron). This is a politically sensitive distinction. That the etymology of the Samaritans' ethnonym in Samaritan Hebrew is derived from "Guardians/Keepers/Watchers (the Law/Torah )" (in theory to protect it from alteration against the Talmudic Rabbinic school), as opposed to Samaritans being named after the region of Samaria, has in history been supported by a number of Christian Church fathers, including Epiphanius of Salamis in Panarion, Jerome and Eusebius in Chronicon and Origen in The Commentary of Origen on S. John's Gospel, and in some Ancient Jewish Talmudic Bible Interpretations of Midrash Tanhuma on Genesis chapter 31, and Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer chapter 38 Page 21. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Samaritans」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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