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Sambahsa or Sambahsa-Mundialect is an international auxiliary language (IAL) devised by French Dr. Olivier Simon. Among IALs it is categorized as a worldlang. It is based on the Proto Indo-European language (PIE),〔C.Quilès, of the Dnghu Project, called it "a modern Proto-Indo-European language with an easier verbal and nominal inflection, borrowed () IE vocabulary : http://carlosquiles.com/indo-european-language-blog/2008/06/artificial-and-natural-languages/〕 with a highly simplified grammar. The language was first released on the Internet in July 2007; prior to that, the creator claims to have worked on it for eight years. According to one of the rare academic studies addressing recent auxiliary languages, "Sambahsa has an extensive vocabulary and a large amount of learning and reference material".〔"The Representation of Korean and Other Altaic Languages in Artificial International Auxiliary Languages" in ''Journal of Universal Language'', March 2012, p.153, by Alan Reed Libert.〕 The first part of the name of the language, Sambahsa, is taken from two Malay words, ''sama'' and ''bahsa'' which mean 'same' and 'language' respectively. Mundialect, on the other hand, is a result of combining two Romance words, ''mondial'' (worldwide) and ''dialect'' (dialect). Sambahsa tries to preserve the original spellings of words as much as possible and this makes its orthography complex, though still kept regular.〔A full analysis of Sambahsa (written in Esperanto) has been made by S.Auclair in ''La Riverego'' n°104, pp. 11-16, http://www.esperanto.qc.ca/files/riverego/Riverego-104.pdf〕 There are four grammatical cases: nominative, accusative, dative and genitive. Sambahsa, though based on PIE, borrows a good proportion of its vocabulary from languages such as Arabic, Chinese, Indonesian, Swahili and Turkish, which belong to various other language families.〔 ==Phonology== Sambahsa's phonology () has little to do with Proto-Indo-European phonology, though the majority of its vocabulary comes from PIE. The changes from PIE are not regular, since the creator of Sambahsa has tried to avoid homophones, which would have become common after the elimination of some PIE sounds like laryngeals or some aspirated consonants. However, any person proficient with Proto-Indo-European roots will easily recognize them when they appear in Sambahsa. Unlike some auxlangs like Esperanto, Sambahsa does not use the "one letter = one sound" principle, nor diacritics, but instead relies on a regular and complex system that combines the 26 letters of the basic Latin alphabet.〔"The strange quest for a universal "Earth Standard" language" by Esther Inglis-Arkell, 08-17-2012 : http://io9.com/5935563/the-strange-quest-for-a-universal-earth-standard-language〕 This system was chosen to preserve the recognizability of words taken from West-European languages, where orthography plays a key role. For example, according to the rules of Sambahsa, (bureau ) is pronounced as in French, and (point ) as in English. Sambahsa has nine vowels (not counting the lengthened form of these vowels), two semi-vowels (IPA: () and ()) and twenty consonants.〔However, different versions of pronunciation of "r" are admitted, and the "ng" sound (as in English "sing") could be counted as a new sound, distinct from the conjunction of () + ().〕 To help language learners, and because IPA symbols cannot be written with all keyboards, a special simpler system has been developed, called ''Sambahsa Phonetic Transcription'', or ''SPT''. Compared to other conlangs, Sambahsa words are short, often as short as English words, and highly consonantic.〔See this link on a French-speaking forum : http://aphil.forumn.net/t844p15-analyse-phonotactique-kotava-esperanto-uropi-et-autres?highlight=analyse+phon%E9tique〕 This latter point is in accordance with the PIE background of Sambahsa, where roots have often a consonant-vocal-consonant structure.〔Emile Benveniste, ''Origine de la formation des noms en Indo-Européen'': https://books.google.com/books?id=OD4IAQAAIAAJ〕 Likewise, Sambahsa's accentuation rules are complex but regular, and tend to follow what is often found in German or Italian. This predictability implies that all words with the same orthography are pronounced and stressed the same way as each other. Thus, for example, while German (Präsident ) and Italian (presidente ) are stressed on the "ent" syllable, Sambahsa ''president'' is stressed on the "i", since ''president'' can also mean "they preside", and a final "ent" never bears the stress. This regularity of accentuation can be compared with English ("president" ) and ("to preside" ), two words that bear the stress on different syllables, though they share the same origin. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sambahsa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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