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Samo
Samo founded the first recorded political union of Slavic tribes, known as Samo's Empire (''realm'', ''kingdom'', or ''tribal union''), stretching from Silesia to present-day Slovenia, ruling from 623 until his death in 658. According to Fredegarius, the only contemporary source, Samo was a Frankish merchant〔''Lexikon des Mittelalters''. Verlag J.B. Metzler, Vol. 7, cols 1342-1343〕 who unified several Slavic tribes against robber raids and violence by nearby settled Avars, showing such bravery and command skills in battle that he was elected as the "Slavic king" ((ラテン語:Rex Sclavorum)). In 631, Samo successfully defended his realm against the Frankish Kingdom in the three-day Battle of Wogastisburg.
==Reign==
The dates for Samo's rule are based on Fredegar, who says that he went to the Slavs in the fortieth year of Chlothar II (i.e., 623–24) and reigned for thirty five years.〔Curta, 109.〕 The interpretation that places the start of Samo's reign in the year of Fredegar's arrival has been questioned on the basis that the Wends would have most likely rebelled after the defeat of the Avar khagan at the First Siege of Constantinople in 626.〔 The Avars first arrived in the Pannonian Basin and subdued the local Slavs in the 560s. Samo may have been one of the merchants who supplied arms to the Slavs for their regular revolts. Whether he became king during a revolt of 623–24 or during one that inevitably followed the Avar defeat in 626, he definitely took advantage of the latter to solidify his position.〔 A string of victories over the Avars proved his ''utilitas'' (usefulness) to his subjects and secured his election as ''rex'' (king).〔Curta, 330.〕 Samo went on to secure his throne by marriage into the major Wendish families, wedding at least twelve women and fathering twenty-two sons and fifteen daughters.〔Curta, 331.〕
The most well-documented event of Samo's career was his victory over the Frankish royal army under Dagobert I in 631 or 632. Provoked to action by a "violent quarrel in the Pannonian kingdom of the Avars or Huns" during his ninth year (631–32), Dagobert led three armies against the Wends, the largest being his own Austrasian army.〔Curta, 109 n102.〕 The Franks were routed near Wogastisburg (Latin ''castrum Vogastisburg''), an unidentified location meaning "fortress/castle of Vogast." The majority of the besieging armies were slaughtered, while the rest of the troops fled, leaving weapons and other equipment lying on the ground. In the aftermath of the Wendish victory, Samo invaded Frankish Thuringia several times and undertook looting raids there.〔(Kronika tzv. Fredegara scholastika )〕 The Sorbian prince Dervan abandoned the Franks and "placed himself and his people under Samo's realm".〔Curta, 331 n39.〕
In 641 the rebellious duke of Thuringia, Radulf, sought an alliance with Samo against his sovereign, Sigebert III.〔 Samo also maintained long-distance trade relationships.〔 On his death, however, his title was not inherited by his sons.〔 Ultimately, Samo can be credited with forging a Wendish identity by speaking on behalf of the community that recognised his authority.〔Curta, 343.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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