|
Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage or wastewater. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal excreta, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage or greywater) industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g., sanitary sewers, sewage treatment, surface runoff management, solid waste management, excreta management), simple technologies (e.g., pit latrines, dry toilets, urine-diverting dry toilets, septic tank Providing sanitation to people requires a systems approach, rather than only focusing on the toilet or wastewater treatment plant itself.〔Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph. and Zurbrügg, C. (2014). (Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition ). Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland〕 The experience of the user, excreta and wastewater collection methods, transportation or conveyance of waste, treatment, and reuse or disposal all need to be thoroughly considered.〔 The main objective of a sanitation system is to protect and promote human health by providing a clean environment and breaking the cycle of disease.〔 == Definition and purposes == The World Health Organization defines the term "sanitation" as follows: Sanitation includes all four of these engineering infrastructure items (even though often only the first one is strongly associated with the term "sanitation"): Excreta management systems, wastewater management systems (included here are wastewater treatment plants), solid waste management systems, drainage systems for rainwater, also called stormwater drainage. There are some slight variations on the definition of sanitation in use. For example, for many organisations, hygiene promotion is seen as an integral part of sanitation. For this reason, the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council defines sanitation as "The collection, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta, domestic wastewater and solid waste, and associated hygiene promotion."〔Evans, B., van der Voorden, C., Peal, A. (2009). (Public Funding for Sanitation - The many faces of sanitation subsidies ). Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC), Geneva, Switzerland, p. 35〕 Despite the fact that sanitation includes wastewater treatment, the two terms are often use side by side as "sanitation and wastewater management". The term sanitation has been connected to several descriptors so that the terms sustainable sanitation, improved sanitation, unimproved sanitation, environmental sanitation, on-site sanitation, ecological sanitation, dry sanitation are all in use today. Sanitation should be regarded with a systems approach in mind which includes collection/containment, conveyance/transport, treatment, disposal or reuse.〔Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph. and Zurbrügg, C. (2014). (Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (2nd Revised Edition) ). Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland〕 The overall purposes of sanitation are to provide a healthy living environment for everyone, to protect the natural resources (such as surface water, groundwater, soil), and to provide safety, security and dignity for people when they defecate or urinate. Effective sanitation systems provide barriers between excreta and humans in such a way as to break the disease transmission cycle (for example in the case of fecal-borne diseases).〔Thor Axel Stenström (2005) (Breaking the sanitation barriers; WHO Guidelines for excreta use as a baseline for environmental health ), Ecosan Conference, Durban, South Africa〕 This aspect is visualised with the F-diagram where all major routes of fecal-oral disease transmission begin with the letter F: feces, fingers, flies, fields, fluids, food. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sanitation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|