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Sannyasa () is the life stage of renunciation within the Hindu philosophy of four age-based life stages known as ashramas, with the first three being Brahmacharya (bachelor student), Grihastha (householder) and Vanaprastha (forest dweller, retired).〔 Sannyasa is traditionally conceptualized for men or women in late years of their life, but young brahmacharis have had the choice to skip householder and retirement stage, renounce worldly and materialistic pursuits and dedicate their lives to spiritual pursuits (moksha). Sannyasa is a form of asceticism, is marked by renunciation of material desires and prejudices, represented by a state of disinterest and detachment from material life, and has the purpose of spending one's life in peaceful, love-inspired, simple spiritual life.〔S. Radhakrishnan (1922), The Hindu Dharma, International Journal of Ethics, 33(1): 1-22〕〔DP Bhawuk (2011), The Paths of Bondage and Liberation, in Spirituality and Indian Psychology, Springer, ISBN 978-1-4419-8109-7, pages 93-110〕 An individual in Sanyasa is known as a ''Sannyasi'' (male) or ''Sannyasini'' (female) in Hinduism, which in many ways parallel the Sadhu and Sadhvi traditions of Jain monasticism, the bhikkhus and bhikkhunis of Buddhism and the monk and nun traditions of Christianity, respectively.〔Harvey J. Sindima (2009), Introduction to Religious Studies, University Press of America, ISBN 978-0761847618, pages 93-94, 99-100〕 The fourth stage of a Brahmin's life is usually called Chatruthasharma, indicating Sannyasa. Sannyasa has historically been a stage of renunciation, ahimsa (non-violence) peaceful and simple life and spiritual pursuit in Indian traditions. However, this has not always been the case. After the invasions and establishment of Muslim rule in India, from the 12th century through the British Raj, parts of the Shaiva and Vaishnava ascetics metamorphosed into a military order, to rebel against persecution, where they developed martial arts, created military strategies, and engaged in guerrilla warfare.〔 These warrior ''sanyasis'' (ascetics) played an important role in helping European colonial powers establish themselves in India.〔 ==Etymology and synonyms== ' in Sanskrit means "renunciation of the world" and "abandonment".〔(saMnyAsa ) Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany〕 It is a composite word of which means "together, all", ''ni-'' which means "down" and ' from the root ', meaning "to throw" or "to put".〔 A literal translation of Sannyāsa is thus "to put down everything, all of it". Sannyasa is sometimes spelled as ''Sanyasa''.〔Angus Stevenson and Maurice Wait (2011), Concise Oxford English Dictionary, ISBN 978-019-9601080, page 1275〕 In Dravidian languages, "sannyasi" is pronounced as "sanyasi" and also "sannasi" in colloquial form. Sanyasis are also known as Bhiksu, Pravrajita/Pravrajitā,〔(pravrajitA ) Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany〕 Yatin,〔(yatin ) Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany〕 Parivraja/Parivrajaka, Sadhu, Siddha, Sramana, Tyagis and Vairagis. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sannyasa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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