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Santosha
Santosha (skt. संतोष ''saṃtoṣa'', santōṣḥ) literally means "contentment, satisfaction".〔Peter H Van Ness, (Yoga as Spiritual but not Religious: A Pragmatic Perspective ), American Journal of Theology & Philosophy, Vol. 20, No. 1 (January 1999), pages 15-30〕 It is also an ethical concept in Indian philosophy,〔Andrea Hornett (2012), Ancient Ethics and Contemporary Systems: The Yamas, the Niyamas and Forms of Organization, in Leadership through the Classics (Editors: Prastacos et al), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-642-32444-4, pages 63-78〕 particularly Yoga, where it is included as one of the Niyamas by Patanjali.
==Definition==
''Santosha'', sometimes spelled ''Santosa'', is a combination word in Sanskrit, derived from ''Saṃ'' (सं, सम्) and ''Tosha'' (तोष, तुष्, tuṣh). SaM, means "completely", "altogether" or "entirely",〔(saM ) Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany〕 and ''Tosha'', "contentment", "satisfaction", "acceptance", "being comfortable".〔(toSa ) Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany〕 Combined, the word ''Santosha'' means "completely content with, or satisfied with, accepting and comfortable". Other words based on the root ''Tuṣht'' (तुष्टः), such as Santusht (सन्तुष्ट) and Tushayati (तुष्यति) are synonymous with ''Santosha'', and found in ancient and medieval era Indian texts.〔(tuS ) and (santuSTa ), Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany〕〔Kiran Salagame (2013), ''Well-being from the Hindu/Sanātana Dharma Perspective'', in Susan A. David et al. (Editors) - Oxford Handbook of Happiness, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199557257, pages 371-382〕
Isaacs〔Nora Isaacs (2014), The Little Book of Yoga, Chronicle, ISBN 978-1452129204, page 154〕 translates ''Santosha'' as “contentment, accepting one's circumstances”. Woods〔(Means of Attainment or Sadhana ) The yoga-system of Patanjali or the ancient Hindu doctrine of concentration of mind, James Haughton Woods, Harvard University Press, page 189, 182〕 describes it as the lack of ''Trsna'' (तृष्णा, craving) and desiring that which is necessary for one's life, while translating verse II.42 and II.32 of Yoga Sutrās, respectively. Others〔Meadow, M. J. (1978), The cross and the seed: Active and receptive spiritualities, Journal of religion and health, 17(1): 57-69〕〔Donna Farhi (2011), Yoga Mind, Body & Spirit: A Return to Wholeness, MacMillan, ISBN 978-0805059700, page 13〕 define it as an attitude of contentment, one of understanding and accepting oneself and one's environment and circumstances as they are, a spiritual state necessary for optimism and effort to change the future. Bhatta〔Bhatta (2009), Holistic Personality Development through Education Ancient Indian Cultural Experiences, Journal of Human Values, 15(1): 49-59〕 clarifies ''Santosha'' as inner contentment, a state of inner peace.
Yoga Darshana, which includes commentary of Rishi Vyasa on Patanjali's Yogasutra, defines contentment as the inner state where, "exists a joyful and satisfied mind regardless of one's environment, whether one meets with pleasure or pain, profit or loss, fame or contempt, success or failure, sympathy or hatred".〔Alain Daniélou (1991), Yoga: Mastering the Secrets of Matter and the Universe, ISBN 978-0892813018, page 36〕
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