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is the Pāli word for the Buddhist concept of the establishment or foundations of ''mindfulness.'' The corresponding word in Sanskrit (Skt.) is ' and in Chinese it is ‘mindfulness-place’ (念處). is a compound word, consisting of ''sati'' ("to remember"), and ("attendance", underscoring the mental qualities co-existent with or antecedent to mindfulness) or ("setting forth," "starting point," "foundation," underscoring the object used to gain mindfulness). The fourfold "establishment of mindfulness" (Pāli ') is set out in the Satipatthana Sutta for attaining and maintaining moment-by-moment mindfulness or retention (Sati) of four domains, "constantly watching sensory experience in order to prevent the arising of cravings which would power future experience into rebirths." The four domains are:〔Mindfulness in Early Buddhism: New Approaches through Psychology and Textual Analysis of Pāli, Chinese and Sanskrit Sources by Tse-fu Kuan. Routledge:2008 ISBN 0-415-43737-7 pgs i, 9, 81 ()〕 * mindfulness of the body;〔(Pāli: ''kāya-sati'', ''kāyagatā-sati''; Skt. ''kāya-smṛti'')〕〔Salient sections of the Pāli canon on kāya-sati (kāya-gatā-sati): http://www.palikanon.com/english/wtb/g_m/kaaya_gata_sati.htm〕 * mindfulness of feelings or sensations (vedanā);〔(Pāli ''vedanā-sati''; Skt. ''vedanā-smṛti'')〕 * mindfulness of mind or consciousness (citta);〔(Pāli ''citta-sati''; Skt. ''citta-smṛti'')〕 and * mindfulness of dhammās (the elements of the Buddhist teachings).〔(Pāli ''dhammā-sati''; Skt. ''dharma-smṛti'')〕 The Buddha referred to the fourfold establishment of mindfulness as a "direct" or "one-way path" for purification and the realisation of nirvana. The modern Theravadan Buddhism and the Vipassana or Insight Meditation Movement promote ''satipatthana'' as key techniques for achieving mindfulness, promoting "mindfulness" as meaning barefull attention instead of the recollection of the dhamma. ==Etymology== is a compound term that has been parsed (and thus translated) in two ways, namely ' and '. The separate terms can be translated as follows: * ''Sati'' - Pail; Sanskrit smṛti. ''Smṛti'' originally meant "to remember," "to recollect," "to bear in mind," as in the Vedic tradition of remembering the sacred texts. The term ''sati'' also means "to remember." In the ''Satipațțhāna-sutta'' the term ''sati'' means to remember the wholesome dharmas, whereby the true nature of phenomena can be seen, such as the five faculties, the five powers, the seven awakening-factors, the Noble Eightfold Path, and the attainment of insight. * ' - "attendance, waiting on, looking after, service, care, ministering"〔(The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary, ''Upaṭṭhāna'' )〕 * ' - "setting forth, putting forward;" in later Buddhist literature also "origin," "starting point," "cause."〔(The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary, ''Paṭṭhāna'' )〕 The compound terms have been translated as follows: *' - "presence of mindfulness" or "establishment of mindfulness" or "arousing of mindfulness," underscoring the mental qualities co-existent with or antecedent to mindfulness. *' - "foundation of mindfulness," underscoring the object used to gain mindfulness. While the latter parsing and translation is more traditional, the formter has been given etymological and contextual authority by contemporary Buddhist scholars such as Bhikkhu Analayo and Bhikkhu Bodhi. Anālayo argues from an etymological standpoint that, while "foundation () of mindfulness" is supported by the Pāli commentary, the term ' (foundation) was otherwise unused in the Pāli nikayas and is only first used in the Abhidhamma. In contrast, the term ' (presence or establishment) can in fact be found throughout the nikayas and is readily visible in the Sanskrit equivalents of the compound Pāli phrase ' (Skt., ' or '). Thus Anālayo states that "presence of mindfulness" (as opposed to "foundation of mindfulness") is more likely to be etymologically correct.〔Anālayo (2006), pp. 29-30〕 Like Anālayo, Bodhi assesses that "establishment [] of mindfulness" is the preferred translation. However, Bodhi's analysis is more contextual than Anālayo's. According to Bodhi, while "establishment of mindfulness" is normally supported by the textual context, there are exceptions to this rule, such as with SN 47.42 where a translation of "foundation of mindfulness" is best supported.〔Bodhi (2000), p. 1504〕 Soma uses both "foundations of mindfulness" and "arousing of mindfulness."〔Soma (1941/2003)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Satipatthana」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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