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Billy Caldwell, Jr. , baptized Thomas Caldwell〔 (March 17, 1782 – September 28, 1841), known also as ''Sauganash'' (''Zhaaganaash'': (who speaks ) English), was a British-Pottawatomi fur trader who was commissioned captain in the Indian Department of Canada during the War of 1812. He moved to the United States in 1818 and settled there. In 1829 and 1833 he negotiated treaties on behalf of the United Nations of Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatomi with the United States, and became a leader of a Potawatomi band at Trader's Point (Iowa Territory). He worked to gain the boundary long promised by the British between white settlers and Indians, but never achieved it. Born in a Mohawk refugee camp near Fort Niagara, Billy was the son of a Potawatomie mother (Misheswans) (Caldwell Oral Family History - Ontario) and William Caldwell, a Scots-Irish immigrant to North America and a Loyalist British officer during the American Revolutionary War. He became multilingual, learning Potawatomi, English, and French. After moving to the United States in 1818, Caldwell became a fur trader and learned the Potawatomi language, an Algonquian language; he negotiated with numerous tribes in the Lake Michigan area. He gained their respect and also acted as a translator and negotiator between the government and American Indians. In 1829, Caldwell represented the Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatomi peoples of the United Nations Tribes in negotiating the Treaty of Prairie du Chien with the United States. For his work, the US granted him a 1600-acre tract, known as the Caldwell Reserve, along the Chicago River. Eighty acres is included within the Cook County Forest Preserve. Together with Alexander Robinson, Caldwell also negotiated the Treaty of Chicago in 1833 for the United Nations Tribes. The US had appointed the two mixed-race men as chiefs in 1829 to fill vacant positions, to encourage the United Nations Tribes to sign the cessions. The treaty led to the final removal of American Indians from that region, to west of the Mississippi River. In 1835, Caldwell migrated with his people from the Chicago region west to Platte County, Missouri. As a result of the Platte Purchase in 1836, Caldwell and his band were removed from Missouri to Iowa Territory, to the area of Trader's Point (''Pointe aux Poules'') on the east bank of the Missouri River. While living at Trader's Point, Caldwell led a band of approximately 2000 Potawatomi. Their settlement became known as Camp Caldwell. In 1841 Caldwell died; scholars believe it may have been because of cholera. ==Early life and education== Soon after the American Revolutionary War, Billy Caldwell, Jr. was born in 1782 in a Mohawk refugee camp near Fort Niagara to a Potawatomie woman (Caldwell Family Oral History - Source From: Billy Caldwell's "illegitimate" daughter Betsey Caldwell, b. 1827, Caradoc Reservation Ontario). His father was William Caldwell, a Scots-Irish immigrant who came to North America in 1773 and served as a Loyalist soldier in the war.〔(Gayford, Peter T. "Chief Billy Caldwell, His Chicago River Reserve, and Only Known Surviving Heir (illigetimate Children surviveed in Southern Ontario- Walpole Is. FN, 1827) : A 21st Century Biography on One of North America’s Significant Historical Figures and His Bloodline: Part 1 (Early Life)" ), ''The Chicago History Journal'' (July 2011), accessed 11 August 2011〕〔 Living first in Virginia, in 1774 his father had fought as an officer with Lord Dunmore and was wounded.〔("William Caldwell" ), United Empire Loyalists Association of Canada, accessed 11 August 2011〕 After recovering, he went to Fort Niagara in New York, where he fought with the partisan Butler's Rangers against Patriot colonists in New York and Pennsylvania. After the war, Caldwell abandoned Billy and his mother, moving to the Detroit area.〔 He resettled as a Loyalist in Upper Canada, where he was granted land by the British Crown. In addition to clearing land for his own farm, he helped develop the town of Amherstburg, in present-day Ontario. In 1783, the senior Caldwell married Suzanne Baby (daughter of Jacques Baby dit Dupéron), of French-Canadian descent.〔 They eventually had eight children together.〔 In 1789, when Billy was seven, his father took the boy to live with him and his Canadian wife, who wanted to rear him in the Catholic faith.〔 Billy was given a basic Anglo-Canadian education and became Cathholic. Living with his father's family, Billy learned to speak both English and French, after having grown up learning the Iroquoian Mohawk. 〔 Although Billy worked on his father's farm as he was growing up, he wanted a different life. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Billy Caldwell」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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