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(Pali; Sanskrit ) is a term figuring prominently in Buddhism. The word means 'that which has been put together' and 'that which puts together'. In the first (passive) sense, ' refers to conditioned phenomena generally but specifically to all mental "dispositions".〔David Kalupahana, "A History of Buddhist Philosophy." University of Hawaii Press, 1992, page 71.〕 These are called 'volitional formations' both because they are formed as a result of volition and because they are causes for the arising of future volitional actions.〔"The word ''saṅkhatam'' is explained in various ways. But in short it means something that is made up, prepared, or concocted by way of intention." Katukurunde Ñāṇānanda, in "The Mind Stilled: 33 Lectures on Nibbāna," p. 42, online at (http://www.seeingthroughthenet.net ).〕 English translations for ' in the first sense of the word include 'conditioned things,'〔See (Piyadassi (1999). ) This is also suggested, for instance, by Bodhi (2000), p. 46, who in writing about one sense of ' states: 'In the widest sense, ' comprises all conditioned things, everything arisen from a combination of conditions.'〕 'determinations,'〔According to Bodhi (2000), p. 44, 'determinations' was used by Ven. in his Majjhima Nikaya manuscripts that ultimately were edited by Bodhi. (In the published volume, Bodhi changed 's word choice to "formations.")〕 'fabrications'〔See, for instance, (Thanissaro (1997b). )〕 and 'formations' (or, particularly when referring to mental processes, 'volitional formations').〔See the extended discussion at Bodhi (2000), pp. 44-47. Other translations considered by but ultimately rejected by Bodhi include 'constructions' (p. 45) and 'activities' (p. 45, especially to highlight the kammic aspect of ').〕 In the second (active) sense of the word, ' refers to that faculty of the mind/brain apparatus (''sankhara-khandha'') that puts together those formations.〔See, for instance, Bodhi (2000), p. 45: :' is derived from the prefix ' (=con), "together," and the verb ''karoti'', "to make." The noun straddles both sides of the active-passive divide. Thus ' are both things which put together, construct and compound other things, ''and'' the things that are put together, constructed, and compounded.〕 ==Conditioned things== In the first (passive) sense ' can refer to any compound form in the universe whether a tree, a cloud, a human being, a thought or a molecule. All these are . The Buddha taught that all such things are impermanent (arising and passing away, subject to change), are essenceless (not worthy of reifying attachment or aversion), and are not reliable sources of pleasure. Understanding the significance of this reality is wisdom. is often used in this first sense to describe the psychological conditioning (particularly the habit patterns of the unconscious mind) that gives any individual human being his or her unique character and make-up at any given time. The last words of the Buddha, according to the Mahāparinibbāna Sutta (in English and Pali), were "Disciples, this I declare to you: All conditioned things are subject to disintegration – strive on untiringly for your liberation." (Pali: "'") 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Saṅkhāra」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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