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Scandinavism (also called Pan-Scandinavianism)〔("Pan-Scandinavianism" ). (2007). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved April 29, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.〕 and Nordism〔The political movement of Nordism should not be confused with the racial ideology of Nordicism, which latter considers the Nordic people a master race.〕 are literary and political movements that support various degrees of cooperation among the Scandinavian or Nordic countries. Scandinavism and Nordism are interchangeable terms for the literary, linguistic and cultural movement that focuses on promoting a shared Nordic past, a shared cultural heritage, a common Nordic mythology and a common linguistic root in Old Norse, and which led to the formation of joint periodicals and societies in support of Scandinavian literature and languages.〔(The Literary Scandinavism ). Øresundstid, 2003. Retrieved 6 May 2007.〕 However, political Scandinavism and political Nordism are two distinct political movements which emerged at different points in time. ==Political Scandinavism== Political Scandinavism paralleled the 19th-century unification movements of Germany and Italy.〔Ola Tunander (1999). ("Nordic cooperation" ), UDA085ENG. In ''Nytt fra Norge, ODIN - Information from the government and the ministries'', Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway. See also Tunander, Ola (1999). "Norway, Sweden and Nordic cooperation". In ''The European North - Hard, soft and civic security''. Eds. Lassi Heininen and Gunnar Lassinantti. The Olof Palme International Center/Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 1999. pp. 39–48. ISBN 951-634-690-1. 〕 As opposed to the German and Italian counterparts, the Scandinavian state-building project was not successful and is no longer pursued.〔〔 It was at its height in the mid-19th century and supported the idea of Scandinavia as a unified region or a single nation, based on the common ethnic, linguistic, political and cultural heritage of the Scandinavian countries Denmark, Norway and Sweden. (These three countries are referred to as "three brothers" in the sixth stanza of the national anthem of Norway.) The movement was initiated by Danish and Swedish university students in the 1840s, with a base in Scania.〔 In the beginning, the political establishments in the two countries, including the absolute monarch Christian VIII and Charles XIV with his "one man government", were suspicious of the movement.〔(The Students ). Øresundstid, 2003. Retrieved 6 May 2007.〕 The police in Denmark therefore kept the proponents of Scandinavism under close guard. Hans Christian Andersen became an adherent of Scandinavism after a visit to Sweden in 1837, and committed himself to writing a poem that would convey the relatedness of Swedes, Danes, and Norwegians.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.kb.dk/elib/noder/hcamusik/skandinav/index_en.htm )〕 It was in July 1839, during a visit to the island of Funen, that Andersen first wrote the text of his poem, ''Jeg er en Skandinav'' ("I am a Scandinavian").〔 Andersen composed the poem to capture "the beauty of the Nordic spirit, the way the three sister nations have gradually grown together", as part of a Scandinavian national anthem.〔 Composer Otto Lindblad set the poem to music, and the composition was published in January 1840. Its popularity peaked in 1845, after which it was seldom sung.〔 Andersen spent two weeks at the Augustenborg Palace in the autumn of 1844. When Oscar I became king of Sweden and Norway in 1844, the relationship with Denmark improved and the movement started to gain support in liberal newspapers like Fædrelandet and Aftonbladet, which saw it as a way to counter the conservative powers that were ascendant across Europe. During the war between Denmark and Prussia in 1848, Sweden (then in union with Norway) offered support in form of a Norwegian-Swedish expeditionary force, though the force never actually saw combat. The movement received a blow from which it never fully recovered after the second Danish-German war over Schleswig, when the Swedish government refused to join an alliance against the rising German power on the continent. In 1872 the town of Dannevirke in New Zealand was founded by Danish, Norwegian and Swedish settlers. They had named their new town for the Dannevirke, the extensive Viking age fortification line which had a strong emotive symbolic role for 19th-century Danes and which had fallen into German hands in 1864 – and for whose defence a pan-Scandinavian alliance had failed to be formed. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Scandinavism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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