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Schafkopf
Schafkopf () or Schaffkopf () is a late 18th-century German trick-taking card game most popular in Bavaria, but also played in other parts of Germany as well as other German-speaking countries like Austria. Its modern descendants are Doppelkopf, Skat and the North American game of Sheepshead. Its earliest written reference dates to 1803, although it only came to notice by the polite society of Altenburg in 1811.〔Foster's Skat Manual, p. 3, R. F. Foster - Averill Press 2008 ISBN 1-4437-2151-4〕 Today Schafkopf is an important part of the Bavarian culture and way of life.
==Etymology==
Explanations of the origin of the name ''Schafkopf'' vary. One suggestion is that ''Schafkopf'' acquired its name at a time when it was played up to nine points,〔Oxford Dictionary of Card Games, p. 246, David Parlett - Oxford University Press 1996 ISBN 0-19-869173-4〕 which were marked with a piece of chalk as nine lines on a board, gradually building up to the stylized representation of a sheep's head (German: ''Schaf'' = sheep, ''Kopf'' = head).〔(Schafkopf history from ''BR-online'' )〕
Another is that it comes from "Schaffen" and "Kopf", "to work one's brain."〔(Rules and Regulations of Bavarian Schafkopf )〕 A third theory, from the author Wolfgang Peschel, states that in earlier times the game was generally played on the top (head, ''Kopf'') of wooden beer casks (middle high German: ''Schaff'' = cask).〔Wolfgang Peschel: ''Bayerisch Schaffkopfen - Wissenswertes, Humoriges; mit den offiziellen Regeln des Bayerischen Schaffkopf-Vereins.'' ISBN 3-924012-31-8〕 To this day, such casks are used as tables at beer stands and beer halls.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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