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Schanze
A ''schanze'' is, according to the specialist terminology of German fortification construction, an independent fieldwork, that is frequently used in the construction of temporary (not permanent) field fortifications.〔Rüstow: ''Militärisches Handwörterbuch.'' 1859, s.v. Schanze〕 The word is German and has no direct English equivalent, although the word sconce is derived from Dutch ''schans'', which is cognate to the German word.
In everyday German speech, however, it is commonplace to refer to permanent fortifications as ''schanzen'', because in many places in times of war, fieldworks that were only temporarily thrown up were later turned into permanent fortifications.
== Derivation ==
The word ''Schanze'' derives originally from the fact that, during sieges in the Late Middle Ages, temporary defensive positions had frequently been built out of gabions, known in German as ''Schanzkörben''.〔Duden: ''Herkunftswörterbuch.'' under ''Schanze''〕 Later such ''schanzen'' very often consisted of earthen ramparts. As a result, in the 16th century, the verb ''schanzen'' became generally associated with earthworks of all kinds. In modern German military use, ''schanzen'' is still used to mean the construction of smaller earthworks, especially of fire trenches. From this already derived usage comes the phrase ''sich verschanzen'', "to entrench oneself" in yet another derivative sense.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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