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Schreckstoff
In 1938, the Austrian ethologist Karl von Frisch made his first report on the existence of the chemical alarm signal known as ''Schreckstoff'' (startle/shock matter) in minnows. An alarm signal is a response produced by an individual, the “sender”, reacting to a hazard that warns other animals, the receivers, of danger.〔(Smith 1992).〕 This chemical alarm signal is only released when the sender incurs mechanical damage, such as when it has been caught by a predator, and is detected by the olfactory system. When this signal reaches the receivers, they perceive a greater predation risk and exhibit an antipredator response. Since populations of fish exhibiting this trait survive more successfully, the trait is maintained via natural selection. While the evolution of this signal was once a topic of great debate, recent evidence suggests schreckstoff evolved as a defense against environmental stressors such as pathogens, parasites, and UVB radiation and that it was later co-opted by predators and prey as a chemical signal.
==Background==
Chemical alarm systems have been identified in a number of different taxa, including gastropods,〔(Stenzler and Atema 1997; Atema and Stenzler 1977)〕 echinoderms,〔(Snyder and Snyder 1970)〕 amphibians〔(Hews and Blaustein 1985; Hews 1998; Lutterschmidt et al. 1994)〕 and fishes. One of the most well-studied chemical alarm signals is schreckstoff, the use of which is widespread in the superorder Ostariophysi (e.g., minnows, characins, catfishes, etc.). About 64% of all freshwater fish species and 27% of all fish species worldwide are found in the ostariophysan superorder, which highlights the widespread use and importance of this chemical alarm system in fishes.〔(Nelson 1994).〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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