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The ''Schutzmannschaft'' or Auxiliary Police (literally: "protection team"; plural: ''Schutzmannschaften'', abbreviated as ''Schuma'') was the collaborationist auxiliary police of native policemen serving in those areas of Eastern Europe occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II. ''Reichsführer-SS'' Heinrich Himmler established the ''Schutzmannschaft'' on July 25, 1941 and subordinated it to the Order Police (''Ordnungspolizei''; Orpo).〔Schiessl (2009), p. 39〕 By the end of 1941, some 45,000 men served in ''Schutzmannschaft'' units, about half of them in the battalions.〔Breitman (1990)〕 During 1942, ''Schutzmannschaften'' expanded to an estimated 300,000 men, with battalions accounting for about a third of the force.〔Dean (2003), p. 60〕 Everywhere, local police far outnumbered the equivalent German personnel several times (in most places, the ratio of Germans to natives was about 1-to-10).〔Browning (2002), p. 257〕 The ''Schutzmannschaften'' have a reputation for their Police Battalions (''Schutzmannschaft-Bataillonen''). Created to support German war efforts, in particular combating anti-Nazi partisans, many of these battalions participated in the Holocaust and caused thousands of Jewish deaths. Usually the battalions were voluntary units and were not directly involved in combat. In total, about 200 battalions were formed.〔Stankeras (2008), p. 459〕 Each battalion had an authorized strength of about 500, but the actual size varied greatly. They should not be confused with native German police battalions (''SS-Polizei-Bataillone'') which the Order Police formed between 1939 and 1945 and which also participated in the Holocaust (see ''Ordnungspolizei#Police Battalions'' and Reserve Police Battalion 101).〔Goldhagen (2007), pp. 181–282〕 The Order Police organized the ''Schutzmannschaften'' by nationality (see Lithuanian Auxiliary Police, Latvian Auxiliary Police, Estonian Auxiliary Police, Belarusian Auxiliary Police, and Ukrainian Auxiliary Police). ==Formation== The Germans did not want to use local collaborators on a large scale as they were deemed to be unreliable and inferior (''Untermensch'').〔Schiessl (2009), p. 38〕 However, rapid German advance in the Eastern Front and manpower shortages forced Germans to reconsider. Therefore, on July 25, 1941, ''Reichsführer-SS'' Himmler authorized creation of ''Schutzmannschaft''.〔Arad (2009), p. 106〕 Initially, it was called ''Hilfspolizei'', but Germans did not want to attach reputable police title to this force.〔 ''Schutzmannschaften'' was an integral part of German police structure and dealt with variety of issues, including everyday crimes (except when concerning German citizens).〔 Initially, only a small fraction of local auxiliaries were armed.〔 Due to limited supervision, particularly in rural areas, members of ''Schutzmannschaften'' had considerable power and there were frequent complaints of corruption and abuse.〔Dean (2003), pp. 70–71〕 Initially, ''Schutzmannschaften'' was organized based on existing structures and spontaneous anti-Soviet groups that formed at the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union.〔 For example, in Lithuania, ''Schutzmannschaften'' absorbed units formed by the Provisional Government. Due to this legacy and its semi-military status, Lithuanians associated police battalions with their national aspirations of independent Lithuania.〔Bubnys (1998), pp. 133–134〕 This caused a rift within German ranks: ideologues like Hitler and Himmler saw no place for Baltic nationalism within the Greater Germanic Reich, but Nazis needed local collaboration and had to maintain at least a shadow of national institutions.〔 Local men joined ''Schutzmannschaften'' due to a variety of reasons.〔Schiessl (2009), pp. 41–43〕 A number of them had police or military experience and wanted a job which paid steady wages and provided food rations. Joining German war apparatus also provided certain privileges and protections for the men and their families (for example, exemption from forced labor).〔 Pensions were available to family members of those killed in anti-partisan operations.〔 Others were motivated by ideological reasons (antisemitism, anticommunism, nationalism) or by opportunities to loot property of murdered Jews. Captured Soviet POWs saw ''Schutzmannschaften'' as a way to avoid concentration camps. Such considerations attracted criminals and other opportunists.〔 Most of them were young: in 1944, about half of ''Schutzmannschaften'' near Mir were under 25 years of age.〔Dean (2003), p. 73〕 Germans complained about their lack of training, discipline, and in some cases refused to supply them with weapons.〔 During 1942, in compliance with orders to enlarge ''Schutzmannschaft'', Germans began to force men to sign up for the service〔Dean (2003), pp. 66–67〕 and eliminated service term limits〔Dean (2003), p. 69〕 (initially men signed up for one-year〔 or six-month〔Bubnys (1998), p. 116〕 terms). There was a marked difference in attitudes of more enthusiastic early volunteers and later forced recruits.〔Dean (2003), p. 72〕 To increase their reliability, Himmler ordered to organize NCO training,〔Arad (2009), p. 109〕 which would include political education, that lasted up to eight weeks.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Schutzmannschaft」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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