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Scientology is a body of beliefs and practices created by American science fiction author L. Ron Hubbard (1911–86). In 1950, Hubbard published ''Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health'', explaining the process of auditing, in which a counselor guides a subject to recall traumatic memories and resolve the associated negative emotions.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Scientology glossary )〕 In 1953, having lost the rights to Dianetics, Hubbard created an expansion called Scientology which teaches that people are immortal beings who have forgotten their true nature.〔 Scientology claims that that psychiatry is destructive and abusive and must be abolished. A typical Scientologist must spend several years and $100,000 before learning the story of Galactic Dictator Xenu. According to the church's official website, such type of suggestions are "absurd."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Do Scientologists Believe They Are Descended From Aliens? )〕 Scientology, one of the most controversial new religious movements, is often characterized as a business, a criminal enterprise, or a "cult".〔http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/inside-scientology-20110208〕〔https://books.google.com/books?id=GNzHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7〕 In the 1970s, top-ranking members infiltrated and wiretapped the U.S. government and were convicted of espionage. Members framed a journalist for making bomb threats. In France, Hubbard was tried for fraud and convicted ''in absentia''.〔http://www.lermanet.com/scientologynews/catholicsentinel-conviction-031778.htm〕 In 1986, Hubbard died after years in hiding. David Miscavige emerged as leader of Church of Scientology, while many others practice Scientology independently. Critics contend the church practices brainwashing and fraud against its members, and that it uses psychological abuse, character assassination, and vexatious litigation against its perceived enemies.〔 〕 The Church of Scientology has consistently used litigation against its critics, and its use of aggressive harassment has been condemned.〔 "Oral Questions to the Minister of State for the Home Office, December 17, 1996" ''Hansard'', vol. 760, cols. 1392–1394 quote: "Baroness Sharples: Is my noble friend further aware that a number of those who have left the cult have been both threatened and harassed and many have been made bankrupt by the church?"〕 The group's legal classification is often a point of contention. In some jurisdictions, such as the United States, South Africa, Australia, Sweden, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain, the church is granted tax-exempt religious status, but at least one (Germany) classifies Scientology as an "anti-constitutional sect" (''verfassungsfeindliche Sekte'').〔http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/hubbard-s-church-unconstitutional-germany-prepares-to-ban-scientology-a-522052.html〕〔(National Assembly of France report No. 2468 )〕 In France, Scientology is sometimes classified as a cult by public authorities.〔A 1995 parliamentary report lists Scientology as a cult, and in its 2006 report MIVILUDES classified Scientology as a dangerous cult〕〔(Le point sur l'Eglise de Scientologie ), Le Nouvel Observateur〕〔(Rapport d'enquête n°2468 de l'Assemblée nationale )〕〔(Rapport MILS 1999 )〕〔("Une condamnation historique" contre l'Eglise de scientologie ), le Monde〕〔(Miviludes 2006 report (PDF) )〕 ==History of Scientology== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Scientology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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