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Sclerodermatineae is a suborder of the fungal order Boletales. Circumscribed in 2002 by mycologists Manfred Binder and Andreas Bresinsky, it contains nine genera and about 80 species. The suborder contains a diverse assemblage fruit body morphologies, including boletes, gasteroid forms, earthstars (genus ''Astraeus''), and puffballs. Most species are ectomycorrhizal, although the ecological role of some species is not known with certainty. The suborder is thought to have originated in the late Cretaceous (145–66 Ma) in Asia and North America, and the major genera diversified around the mid Cenozoic (66–0 Ma). ==Taxonomy== The Sclerodermatineae was first legitimately used by Manfred Binder and Andreas Bresinsky in 2002 based on molecular analyses of nuclear ribosomal large subunit (25S) rRNA sequences from 60 species of Boletales. This research was an extension of Binder's 1999 graduate work, in which he argued for the need to recognize the molecular differences of the sclerodermatoid fungi.〔 Sclerodermatineae is one of six lineages of the Boletales recognized as a suborder; the others are the Boletineae, Paxillineae, Suillineae, Tapinellineae, and Coniophorineae. Of the nine genera assigned to the Sclerodermatineae, three are hymenomycetes (''Boletinellus'', ''Gyroporus'', and ''Phlebopus''), and six are gasteroid (''Astraeus'', ''Calostoma'', ''Diplocystis'', ''Pisolithus'', and ''Scleroderma'').〔 Since the suborder's original description, there have been several phylogenetic studies investigating the Sclerodermatineae.〔〔 Some studies have revealed the existence of numerous cryptic species and have contributed to taxonomic expansion of the group.〔〔〔 The "core" Sclerodermatineae include the genera ''Astraeus'', ''Calostoma'', ''Scleroderma'', ''Pisolithus'', ''Diplocystis'', ''Tremellogaster'' (all gasteroid), and the boletoid genus ''Gyroporus''; ''Phlebopus'' and ''Boletinellus'' resolved as sister to this core group.〔 As of 2012, there are an estimated 78 species in the Sclerodermatineae. The type of the suborder is the family Sclerodermataceae; other families in the suborder are the Boletinellaceae, Diplocystaceae, and the Gyroporaceae.〔 *Boletinellaceae : *''Boletinellus'' (2 species)〔Kirk ''et al''. (2008), p. 97〕 : *''Phlebopus'' (12 species)〔Kirk ''et al''. (2008), p. 522〕 *Diplocystaceae : *''Astraeus'' (5 species)〔 : *''Diplocystis'' (1 species)〔Kirk ''et al''. (2008), p. 212〕 : *''Endogonopsis'' (1 species)〔Kirk ''et al''. (2008), p. 233〕 : *''Tremellogaster'' (1 species)〔Kirk ''et al''. (2008), p. 697〕 *Gyroporaceae : *''Gyroporus'' (10 species)〔Kirk ''et al''. (2008), p. 299〕 *Sclerodermataceae : *''Calostoma'' (15 species)〔Kirk ''et al''. (2008), p. 112〕 : *''Chlorogaster'' (1 species)〔Kirk ''et al''. (2008), p. 137〕 : *''Favillea'' (1 species)〔Kirk ''et al''. (2008), p. 254〕 : *''Horakiella'' (1 species)〔Kirk ''et al''. (2008), p. 320〕 : *''Pisolithus'' (5 species)〔Kirk ''et al''. (2008), p. 539〕 : *''Scleroderma'' (about 30 species)〔Kirk ''et al''. (2008), p. 622〕 Based on ancestral reconstruction studies, the earliest (basal) members of the Sclerodermatineae originated in the late Cretaceous (145–66 Ma). The major genera diversified near the mid Cenozoic (66–0 Ma). Asia and North America are the most probable ancestral areas for all Sclerodermatineae, and Pinaceae and angiosperms (primarily rosids) are the most probable ancestral hosts.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sclerodermatineae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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