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The Sefīd-Rūd ((ペルシア語:سفیدرود), pronounced: (:sefiːdruːd), "White River" (アゼルバイジャン語:قزل اؤزؤن)) is a river approximately long, rising in northwestern Iran and flowing generally northeast to meet the Caspian Sea at Rasht. The river is Iran's second longest river after the Karun. Sefid Rud has cut a water gap through the Alborz Mountains, the Manjil gap,〔Fortescue, L. S. (April 1924) "The Western Elburz and Persian Azerbaijan" ''The Geographical Journal'' 63(4): pp. 301-315, p.303〕 capturing two headwater tributaries and widening the valley between the Talesh Hills and the main Alborz range. The gap provides a major route between Tehran and Gīlān Province with its Caspian lowlands.〔 Other names and transcriptions include Sepīd-Rūd, Sefidrud, Sefidrood, Sepidrood, and Sepidrud. Above Manjil, the river was known as Qizil Uzun, "Long Red River".〔Fortescue, L. S. (April 1924) "The Western Elburz and Persian Azerbaijan" ''The Geographical Journal'' 63(4): pp. 301-315, p.310〕〔Rawlinson, H. C. (1840) "Notes on a Journey from Tabríz, Through Persian Kurdistán, to the Ruins of Takhti-Soleïmán, and from Thence by Zenján and Ṭárom, to Gílán, in October and November, 1838; With a Memoir on the Site of the Atropatenian Ecbatana" ''Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London'' 10: pp. 1-64, p. 64〕 The river is famous for the quantity of its fish, especially the Caspian trout, ''Salmo trutta caspius''〔("Salmo trutta caspius, Kessler, 1870" Caspian Environment Progamme )〕 In the wide valley before Sepid Rud enters the Caspian a number of transportation and irrigation canals have been cut; the two biggest are the Khomam and the Now.〔Rabino, H. L. (November 1913) "A Journey in Mazanderan (From Resht to Sari)" ''The Geographical Journal'' 42(5): pp. 435-454, p. 435〕 The river was dammed in 1962 by the Shahbanu Farah Dam〔Beaumont, Peter (1974) "Water Resource Development in Iran" ''The Geographical Journal'' 140(3): pp. 418-431, p.428〕 (later renamed Manjil Dam) which created a reservoir and allowed the irrigation of an additional .〔 The reservoir mediates some flooding and significantly increased rice production in the delta.〔Gittinger, J. Price (October 1967) "Planning and Agricultural Policy in Iran: Program Effects and Indirect Effects" ''Economic Development and Cultural Change'' 16(1): pp. 107-117, p. 110〕〔Carey, Jane Perry Clark and Carey, Andrew Galbraith (1976) "Iranian Agriculture and Its Development: 1952-1973" ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'' 7(3): pp. 359-382, p. 372〕 The hydroelectric component of the dam generates 87,000 kilowatts.〔 The completion of the dam had a negative impact on the river's fisheries, through reduced stream flow (due to diversion), increased water temperature, and decreased food availability, especially for sturgeon but also for the Caspian trout.〔(Jackson, Donald C. and Marmulla, Gerd (2001) "The Influence of Dams on River Fisheries: Regional Assessments: 3.2.2 Southern and Central Asia, Kazakhstan, and the Middle East" ) (accessed 28 November 2008), ''In'' Marmulla, Gerd (ed.) (2001) ''Dams, fish and fisheries: Opportunities, challenges and conflict resolution'' (FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 419) Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, ISBN 92-5-104694-8, citing Vladykov, Vadim D. (1964) ''Report to the Government of Iran on the Inland Fisheries Resources of Iran, Especially of the Caspian Sea with Special Reference to Sturgeon'' (Expanded program of technical assistance, Report No. 1818) Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 〕 ==History== The river was known in antiquity by the names Mardos ((ギリシア語:Μαρδος); (ラテン語:Mardus)) and Amardos ((ギリシア語:Αμαρδος); (ラテン語:Amardus)).〔 In the Hellenistic period the north side of the Sefid (then Mardus) was occupied by the mountain tribe the Cadusii.〔(Strabo, xi. 13 )〕 David Rohl identifies the Sefīd-Rūd with the Biblical Pishon river. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sefīd-Rūd」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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