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Sekhemkhet
Sekhemkhet (also read as Sechemchet) was an ancient Egyptian king (pharaoh) of 3rd dynasty during the Old Kingdom. His reign is thought to have been from about 2648 BC until 2640 BC. He is also known under his later traditioned birth name Djoser-tety and under his Hellenized name Tyreis (by Manetho; derived from ''Teti'' in the Abydos king list). He was probably the brother or eldest son of king Djoser. Little is known about this king, since he ruled for only a few years. However, he erected a step pyramid at Saqqara and left behind a well known rock inscription at Wadi Maghareh (Sinai Peninsula).
== Reign ==
The duration of Sekhemkhet's reign is believed to have been 6 to 7 years. The royal Turin Canon attributes 6 years of reign to Sekhemkhet,〔Alan H. Gardiner: ''The Royal Canon of Turin'', Griffith Institute, Oxford 1997, ISBN 0-900416-48-3, Vol. 2.〕 a figure also proposed by Myriam Wissa based on the unfinished state of Sekhemkhet's pyramid.〔Myriam Wissa: ''À propos du sarcophage de Sékhemkhet'', in: Catherine Berger: ''Études sur l'Ancien empire et la nécropole de Saqqâra dédiées à Jean-Philippe Lauer'', Orientalia Monspeliensia. Vol. 9, 2, Université Paul Valéry – Montpellier III, Montpellier 1997, ISBN 2-8426-9046-X, p. 445–448.〕 Using his reconstruction of the Palermo Stone (5th dynasty), Toby Wilkinson assigns 7 years to this king. This figure is based on the number of year registers preserved in ''Cairo Fragment I'', register V.〔Toby A. H. Wilkinson: ''Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt: The Palermo Stone and Its Associated Fragments''. Kegan Paul International, London 2000, page 115.〕 Wilkinson states that "''this figure is fairly certain, since the () titulary begins immediately after the dividing line marking the change of reign''.".〔Toby A. H. Wilkinson: ''Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt: The Palermo Stone and Its Associated Fragments''. Kegan Paul International, London 2000, page 79-80.〕 Similarly, the Greek historian Manetho lists Sekhemkhet under the name of Tyreis and indicates that he reigned for 7 years. Nabil Swelim, by contrast, proposed a reign of 19 years, because he believed that Sekhemkhet might be the ''Tosertasis'' mentioned by Manetho.〔Nabil Swelim: ''Some Problems on the History of the Third Dynasty'', Archaeological and historical Studies, Vol. 7, ZDB-ID 800015-3, Archaeological Society of Alexandria, Alexandria 1983, p. 221〕 However, such a long reign is at odds with the unfinished state of the buried pyramid and this view is generally rejected by Egyptologists.
Little is known about activities conducted during Sekhemkhet's reign. The only preserved documents showing Sekhemkhet are two rock inscriptions at Wadi Maghareh in the Sinai peninsula. The first one shows Sekhemkhet twice: once wearing the Hedjet crown, another wearing the Deshret crown. The second inscription depicts a scene known as "smiting the enemy": Sekhemkhet has grabbed a foe by its hair and raises his arm in an attempt to club the enemy to death with a ceremonial sceptre. The presence of these reliefs at Wadi Maghareh suggests that local mines of copper and turquoise were exploited during Sekhemkhet's reign.〔Morsi Saad El-Din u. a.: ''Sinai. The site & the history. Essays. Photographs by Ayman Taher''. New York University Press, New York NY 1998, ISBN 0-8147-2203-2, page 30.〕〔Jean-Pierre Pätznick: ''Die Abfolge der Horusnamen der 3. Dynastie''. In: Jean-Pierre Pätznick: ''Die Siegelabrollungen und Rollsiegel der Stadt Elephantine im 3. Jahrtausend v.Chr. Spurensicherung eines archäologischen Artefaktes'' (= ''BAR. International Series''. Vol. 1339). Archaeopress, Oxford 2005, ISBN 1-84171-685-5, page 76–79.〕 These mines were apparently active throughout the early 3rd Dynasty since reliefs of Djoser and Sanakht were also discovered in the Wadi Maghareh.
Several clay seals presenting an unusual nebty name together with Sekhemkhet´s Horus name were found at the eastern excavation site on the island of Elephantine. The Egyptologist Jean Pierre Pätznik reads the nebty name as ''Ren nebty'' meaning ''The two ladies are pleased with his name''. It is not entirely clear whether this is indeed Sekhemkhet´s nebty name or that of a yet unknown queen.〔
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