|
' ((ヘブライ語:סמיכה), "leaning (the hands )"), also ' ((ヘブライ語:סמיכות), "ordination"), ' ((ヘブライ語:סמיכה לרבנות), "rabbinical ordination"), or ' ((ヘブライ語:סמיכה לחזנות), "cantorial ordination") is derived from a Hebrew word which means to "rely on" or "to be authorized". It generally refers to the ordination of a rabbi or cantor within Judaism.〔http://www.jta.org/2012/05/01/life-religion/whats-in-a-word-for-ordained-rather-than-invested-cantors-a-lot〕 In the former case, it signifies the transmission of rabbinic authority to give advice or judgment in Jewish law. In the latter, it signifies the transmission of authoritative knowledge about Jewish musical and liturgical traditions. Although presently most functioning synagogue rabbis hold ' by some rabbinical institution or academy, this was until quite recently not always required, and in fact many Haredi rabbis may not be required to hold a "formal" ' even though they may occupy important rabbinical and leadership positions. Some cantorial institutions in the US currently grant ' to their students, while others use the term "investiture" to describe the conferral of cantorial authority onto their graduates.〔 Classical ' refers to a specific type of ordination that, according to traditional Jewish teaching, traces a line of authority back to Moses and the seventy elders. The line of classical ' seems to have died out in the 4th or 5th century CE but it is widely held that the line of Torah conferment remains unbroken. Some believe evidence exists that classical ' was existent during the 12th century when ' from Lebanon and Syria were traveling to Israel in order to pass on ' to their students.〔http://www.daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/hatkufa/mishpat-4.htm〕 Others, such as Rav Yisroel of Shklov (1770–1839), believed it may not have been broken at all but that it continued outside of the land of Israel. Today many believe in the existence of an unbroken chain of authority dating back to the time of Moses and Joshua〔http://www.pidyon.org/docs/shalshelet.php〕〔http://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/a/mesora/〕 (See "The Unbroken Chain of Torah" below). A third and distinct meaning of ' is the laying of hands upon an offering of a ''korban'' ("sacrifice") in the times of the Temple in Jerusalem, see Semicha in sacrifices. ==Hebrew Bible== According to the Hebrew Bible, Moses ordained Joshua through ''semikhah''. (, ). Moses also ordained the 70 elders (). The elders later ordained their successors in this way. Their successors in turn ordained others. This chain of hands-on ''semikhah'' continued through the time of the Second Temple, to an undetermined time. Traditionally Moses is also assumed to be the "first rabbi" of the Children of Israel. He is still known to most Jews as ''Moshe Rabbeinu'' ("Moses our Teacher"). Moses was also a prophet, and it is a fundamental Jewish belief that he was the greatest of all the Hebrew Bible's prophets. Moses passed his leadership on to Joshua as commanded by God in the Book of Numbers where the subject of ''semikhah'' ("laying (hands )" or "ordination") is first mentioned in the Torah: *Book of Numbers: "Moses spoke to God, saying, 'Let the Omnipotent God of all living souls appoint a man over the community. Let him come and go before them, and let him bring them forth and lead them. Let God's community not be like sheep that have no shepherd.' God said to Moses, 'Take Joshua son of Nun, a man of spirit, and lay your hands on him. Have him stand before Eleazar the priest and before the entire community, and let them see you commission him. Invest him with some of your splendor so that the entire Israelite community will obey him. Let him stand before Eleazar the priest, who shall seek the decision of the Urim before God on his behalf. By this word, along with all the Israelites and the entire community shall he come and go.' Moses did as God had ordered him. He took Joshua and had him stand before Eleazar the priest and before the entire community. He then laid his hands on him and commissioned him as God had commanded Moses." () *Book of Deuteronomy: "Joshua son of Nun was filled with a spirit of wisdom, because Moses had laid his hands on him. The Israelites therefore listened to him, doing as God had commanded Moses." (Deuteronomy 34:9) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Semikhah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|