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Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (born ''Semmelweis Ignác Fülöp''; 1 July 1818 – 13 August 1865) was a Hungarian physician of German extraction〔(Encyclopedia Britannica: Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis )〕 now known as an early pioneer of antiseptic procedures. Described as the "savior of mothers", Semmelweis discovered that the incidence of puerperal fever (also known as "childbed fever") could be drastically cut by the use of hand disinfection in obstetrical clinics. Puerperal fever was common in mid-19th-century hospitals and often fatal, with mortality at 10%–35%. Semmelweis proposed the practice of washing hands with chlorinated lime solutions in 1847 while working in Vienna General Hospital's First Obstetrical Clinic, where doctors' wards had three times the mortality of midwives' wards. He published a book of his findings in ''Etiology, Concept and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever''. Despite various publications of results where hand washing reduced mortality to below 1%, Semmelweis's observations conflicted with the established scientific and medical opinions of the time and his ideas were rejected by the medical community. Some doctors were offended at the suggestion that they should wash their hands and Semmelweis could offer no acceptable scientific explanation for his findings. Semmelweis's practice earned widespread acceptance only years after his death, when Louis Pasteur confirmed the germ theory and Joseph Lister, acting on the French microbiologist's research, practiced and operated, using hygienic methods, with great success. In 1865, Semmelweis was committed to an asylum, where he died at age 47 of pyaemia, after being beaten by the guards, only 14 days after he was committed. ==Family and early life== Ignaz Semmelweis was born on July 1, 1818 in Tabán, neighbourhood of Buda, Hungary, today part of Budapest. He was the fifth child out of ten of the prosperous grocer family of Josef Semmelweis and Teresia Müller. His father, Josef Semmelweis (1778–1846), was an ethnic German born in Kismarton, then part of Hungary, now Eisenstadt, Austria. Josef achieved permission to set up a shop in Buda in 1806 and, in the same year, opened a wholesale business for spices and general consumer goods. The company was named ''zum Weißen Elefanten'' (at the White Elephant) in Meindl-Haus in Tabán (today's 1-3, Apród Street, Semmelweis Museum of Medical History).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Semmelweis Orvostörténeti Múzeum, Könyvtár és Levéltár - Semmelweis Ignác - Élete )〕 By 1810, he was a wealthy man and married Teresia Müller, daughter of the coach (vehicle) builder Fülöp Müller. Ignaz Semmelweis began studying law at the University of Vienna in the autumn of 1837, but by the following year, for reasons that are no longer known, he had switched to medicine. He was awarded his doctorate degree in medicine in 1844. Later, after failing to obtain an appointment in a clinic for internal medicine, Semmelweis decided to specialize in obstetrics. His teachers included Carl von Rokitansky, Joseph Škoda and Ferdinand von Hebra. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ignaz Semmelweis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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