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Semqen
Semqen (also Šamuqēnu) was an Hyksos ruler of Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period in the mid 17th century BC. According to Jürgen von Beckerath he was the third king of the 16th Dynasty and a vassal of the Hyksos kings of the 15th Dynasty.〔Jürgen von Beckerath: ''Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen'', Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : P. von Zabern, 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2591-6, (available online ) see p. 120–121.〕〔William C. Hayes, The Cambridge Ancient History (Fascicle): 6: Egypt: From the Death of Ammenemes III to Seqenenre II, CUP Archive, 1962 p 19〕 This opinion was shared by William C. Hayes and Wolfgang Helck but recently rejected by Kim Ryholt. In his 1997 study of the second intermediate period, Ryholt argues that the kings of the 16th Dynasty ruled an independent Theban realm c. 1650–1580 BC.〔K.S.B. Ryholt: ''The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC'', Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, (excerpts available online here. )〕 Consequently, Ryholt sees Semqen as an early Hyksos king of the 15th Dynasty, perhaps its first ruler. This analysis has convinced some egyptologists, such as Darrel Baker and Janine Bourriau,〔Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 378〕〔Janine Bourriau, Ian Shaw (editor): ''The Oxford history of ancient Egypt'', chapter ''The Second Intermediate Period'', Oxford University Press, Oxford 2003, ISBN = 0-19-280458-8, ()〕 but not others including Stephen Quirke.〔Stephen Quirke, Marcel Maree (editor): ''The Second Intemediate Period Thirteenth - Seventeenth Dynasties, Current Research, Future Prospects'', Leuven 2011, Paris — Walpole, MA. ISBN 978-9042922280, p. 56, n. 6〕
Semqen's only contemporary attestation is a brown steatite scarab-seal from Tell el-Yahudiyeh in the Nile Delta.〔Olga Tufnell: Studies on Scarab Seals Vol. 2, Aris & Phillips 1984, ISBN 978-0856681301, see seal num. 3463 and pl. LXII, p. 382.〕 Significantly, the scarab gives him the title of ''Heka-chasut'', "Ruler of the foreign lands", a title exclusively associated with the early Hyksos rulers.〔〔Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie: ''Egypt and Israel'', London : Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1911, (available online copyright-free )〕 Furthermore, the design of the scarab indicates that it was likely produced either during the 14th or the 15th Dynasty, the later being much more probable.
The original location of the seal, the title it is inscribed with and its design led Kim Ryholt to propose that Semqen belonged to the early 15th Dynasty, although he also points to the conjectural nature of this proposition. Ryholt further adds that the title ''Heka-chasut'', even if securely dated to the 15th Dynasty, may not have been borne only by the rulers of this dynasty.〔
==References==
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