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Seneb
Seneb was a dwarf who served as a high-ranking court official in the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, ''circa'' 2520 BC. Despite his diminutive size, Seneb was a person of considerable importance and wealth who owned thousands of cattle, held twenty palaces and religious titles and was married to a high-ranking priestess of average size with whom he had three children. His successful career and the lavishness of his burial arrangements are indicative of the acceptance given to dwarfs in ancient Egyptian society, whose texts advocated the acceptance and integration of those with physical and mental disabilities.
Seneb is depicted with his wife and children in a painted sculpture from his tomb, rediscovered in 1926, that is a famous example of Old Kingdom art.〔Hermann Junker: ''Gîza V: Die Mastaba des Snb (Seneb) und die umliegenden Gräber.'' Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien: Philosophisch-historische Klasse, Denkschriften 71.2, Wien/ Leipzig 1941, p. 3-127 ((PDF; 25,7 MB ); the excavation report, in German)〕 It shows him sitting cross-legged on a block of stone with his wife embracing him and his children standing below him where the legs of a full-size person would ordinarily have been. The composition of the scene thus achieves a harmonious symmetry. It depicts Seneb realistically with the facial features and shortened limbs of an individual with achondroplasia, a common form of dwarfism. Paintings and carvings in the tomb give his titles and depict various scenes from his life, such as carrying out inspections of his estate and holding symbols of his office.
==Discovery and location of Seneb's tomb==
Seneb was buried in a ''mastaba'' - a flat-roofed brick tomb – located in the West Field of the Giza Necropolis near modern Cairo, where a large complex of ancient Egyptian royal tombs and mortuary structures was built, including the Great Pyramid. It was rediscovered by the German archaeologist Hermann Junker in 1926. The tomb is situated close to that of another dwarf, Perniankhu, a high-ranking royal courtier who may have been Seneb's father.〔Zahi Hawass, Sandro Vannini. ''Inside the Egyptian Museum with Zahi Hawass: Collector's Edition'', p. 88. American University in Cairo Press, 2010. ISBN 978-977-416-364-7〕 Its date was long uncertain but is now firmly attributed to the reign of Djedefre (2528–2520 BC).〔''Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids'', p. 62. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999. ISBN 978-0-87099-906-2〕 His wife's name also appears in the nearby tomb of an official, Ankh-ib, suggesting that the families of Seneb, Perniankhu and Ankh-ib may have been related.〔''Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids'', p. 164.〕 Seneb was apparently buried with his wife, but no trace remains of the bodies,〔Betty M. Adelson. ''The lives of dwarfs: their journey from public curiosity toward social liberation'', p. 5. Rutgers University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8135-3548-7〕 and the tomb was looted long ago, like most of the others at Giza. It was one of the first known attempts at building a ceiling dome over a square chamber, with the dome resting on jutting bricks at the corners of the room.〔Alessandro Bongioanni, Maria Sole Croce (eds.) ''The Treasures of Ancient Egypt'', p. 81. White Star, 2003. ISBN 88-8095-235-8〕
The rectangular interior of Seneb's mastaba contained two cult niches with a false door and cavities containing stone chests.〔''Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids'', p. 45〕 Three statues were found within the chests – the painted limestone sculpture of Seneb and his family and two other statues in wood and granite. The wooden one disintegrated when it was discovered but Junker recorded that it had been about high and depicted Seneb standing with a walking-staff in one hand and a sceptre in the other.〔Véronique Dasen. ''Dwarfs in ancient Egypt and Greece'', p. 130. Clarendon Press, 1993. ISBN 0-19-814699-X〕 The remnants of the wooden statue are now in the Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim in Germany, in a very fragmentary state; the outline of a curled wig can still be made out, as can the pose of the left arm, which was held forward at the elbow.〔Julia Carol Harvey. ''Wooden statues of the Old Kingdom: a typological study'', p. 79. BRILL, 2001. ISBN 978-90-04-12357-1〕 Seneb's 1.5 ton sarcophagus is part of the collection of the Egyptian Museum of the University of Leipzig.
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