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Serse
''Serse'' ((:ˈsɛrse); English title: ''Xerxes''; HWV 40) is an opera seria in three acts by George Frideric Handel. It was first performed in London on 15 April 1738. The Italian libretto was adapted by an unknown hand from that by Silvio Stampiglia for an earlier opera of the same name by Giovanni Bononcini in 1694. Stampiglia's libretto was itself based on one by Nicolò Minato that was set by Francesco Cavalli in 1654. The opera is set in Persia (modern-day Iran) in 480 BC and is very loosely based upon Xerxes I of Persia, though there is little in either the libretto or music that is relevant to that setting. Serse, originally sung by a castrato, is now usually performed by a mezzo-soprano, contralto or countertenor.
The opening aria, "Ombra mai fu", sung by Xerxes to a plane tree (''Platanus orientalis''), is set to one of Handel's best-known melodies, and is often known as Handel's "Largo" (despite being marked "larghetto" in the score).
==Composition history==
In late 1737 the King's Theatre, London commissioned Handel to write two new operas. The first, ''Faramondo'', was premiered on 3 January 1738. By this time, Handel had already begun work on ''Serse''. The first act was composed between 26 December 1737 and 9 January 1738, the second was ready by 25 January, the third by 6 February, and Handel put the finishing touches to the score on 14 February. ''Serse'' was first performed at the King's Theatre, Haymarket on 15 April 1738.〔Best p.14〕
The first production was a complete failure.〔Dean in ''Opera and the Enlightenment'', p.135〕 The audience may have been confused by the innovative nature of the work. Unlike his other operas for London, Handel included comic (''buffo'') elements in ''Serse''. Although this had been typical for 17th-century Venetian works such as Cavalli's original setting of the libretto, by the 1730s an ''opera seria'' was expected to be wholly serious, with no mixing of the genres of tragedy and comedy or high and low class characters. The musicologist Charles Burney later took ''Serse'' to task for violating decorum in this way, writing: "I have not been able to discover the author of the words of this drama: but it is one of the worst Handel ever set to Music: for besides feeble writing, there is a mixture of tragic-comedy and buffoonery in it, which Apostolo Zeno and Metastasio had banished from serious opera."〔Best p.15〕 Another unusual aspect of ''Serse'' is the number of short, one-movement arias, when a typical opera seria of Handel's time was almost wholly made up of long, three-movement da capo arias. This feature particularly struck the Earl of Shaftesbury, who attended the premiere and admired the opera. He noted "the airs too, for brevity's sake, as the opera would otherwise be too long () fall without any recitativ' intervening from one into ''another''() that tis difficult to understand till it comes by frequent hearing to be well known. My own judgment is that it is a capital opera notwithstanding tis called a ballad one."〔 It is likely that Handel had been influenced, both as regards the comedy and the absence of da capo airas, by the success in London of ballad operas such as ''The Beggar's Opera'' and John Frederick Lampe's ''The Dragon of Wantley'', the latter of which was visited by Handel.〔Keates (2014), p. 10.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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