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Within the second economy of the Soviet Union, shabashka ((ロシア語:Шабашка)) was semi-official season works, the tradition continued in many post-Soviet states. A person engaged in ''shabashka'' is called shabashnik. 〔Articles Шабашка, Шабашник, in etymological dictionary (Т.Ф. Ефремова Новый словарь русского языка. Толково- словообразовательный)〕 In the Soviet era in was commonly work off the books. In modern times, the term referred to any kind of work outside primary, official employment, a concept is similar to "moonlighting"〔D. Rogers, ''The Old Faith and the Russian Land'', Cornell University Press, 2011, ISBN 0801457955, (p.211 )〕〔''Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Russian'', Routledge, 2013, ISBN 1136787860, (p. 554 )〕 The word ultimately derives from "shabbath" and literally means "work in free time".〔 A common form of ''shabashka'' was construction works in kolkhozes and sovkhozes which, unlike industrial enterprizes had a certain amount of freedom with cash flow and could pay the workers in cash, often unofficially. 〔 Axel Delwig, ''Life in Moscow; Communism and now'', ISBN 1620501171, (p. 147-150 )〕 Since the official enterprises operating in agricultural sector (Межколхозстрой, etc.,) did not have sufficient capacity, kolkhozes and sovkhozes had right to contract so-called "temporary work collectives". In many cases ''shabashka'' work had an official status, and the ''shabasniks'' had a confirmation of their employment in their ''trudovaya knizhka'' (employment record book).〔 There were two categories of ''shabashniks''. One of them were non-working class city dwellers: scientists, engineers and students.〔 Another were migrant workers from republics of Caucasus and Central Asia with excess of workforce. In the modern times, these migrants are called гастарбайтеры (''gastarbeiter'') in Russian. 〔 The style of payment for the job was so-called "аккордно-премиальная" (piecework/bonus): total payment for the whole job done plus bonus for beating the schedule. ==References== category:Second economy of the Soviet Union 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shabashka」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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