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Shabiha
''Shabiha'' (North Levantine Arabic: ', ; also romanized ''Shabeeha'' or ''Shabbiha ''; loosely translated "spirits", "ghosts", "shadows", or "apparitions") are mostly Alawite groups of armed militia in support of the Ba'ath Party government of Syria, led by the Al-Assad family.
The Syrian opposition stated that the ''shabiha'' are a tool of the government for cracking down on dissent.〔 Syrian Observatory for Human Rights has stated that some of the ''shabiha'' are mercenaries.〔
==Before the Syrian civil war==
According to Shabiha privately interviewed by ''The Star'' in 2012, the Shabiha were established in the 1980s by Namir al-Assad, President Hafez al-Assad's cousin, and Rifaat al-Assad, the former president's brother. They were originally concentrated in the Mediterranean region of Syria around Latakia, Banias and Tartous, where they allegedly benefited from smuggling through the ports in the area. The shabiha, who were named for the Arabic word for ghost or for the Mercedes S600 that was popular for its smuggling sized trunk and was called the Shabah,〔 were known by the Alawites in Syria as Alawi ganglords. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, they smuggled food, cigarettes and commodities, subsidized by the government, from Syria into Lebanon and sold them for a massive profit, while luxury cars, guns and drugs were smuggled in reverse from Lebanon up the Bekaa Valley and into Syria's state controlled economy.〔
The shabiha guards, who each had loyalty to different members of the extended Assad family, were untouchable and operated with impunity from the local authorities.〔 They gained notoriety in the 1990s for the brutal way they enforced their protection rackets in Latakia and were noted for their cruelty and blind devotion to their leaders. By the mid-1990s, they had gotten out of hand, and President Hafez Assad had his son Basil Assad clamp down on them, which he did successfully.〔 In 2000, when Bashar Assad came to power, they were apparently disbanded,〔 but following the uprising that began in March 2011, the shabiha gangs, which evolved into the shabiha militias, were again approved by Assad's government.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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