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The Shafi'i ((アラビア語:شافعي) ') madhhab is one of the four schools of Islamic law in Sunni Islam.〔 It was founded by the Arab scholar Al-Shafi'i in the early 9th century.〔 The other three schools of Sunni jurisprudence are Hanafi, Maliki and Hanbali.〔 The Shafi school predominantly relies on the Quran and the Hadiths for Sharia.〔〔 Where passages of Quran and Hadiths are ambiguous, the school first seeks religious law guidance from Ijma – the consensus of Sahabah (Muhammad's companions).〔Syafiq Hasyim (2005), Understanding Women in Islam: An Indonesian Perspective, Equinox, ISBN 978-9793780191, pp. 75-77〕 If there was no consensus, Shafi'i school relies on individual opinion (Ijtihad) of the companions of Muhammad, followed by analogy.〔Hisham M. Ramadan (2006), Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 978-0759109919, pp. 27-28〕 The Shafi'i school was, in the early history of Islam, the most followed ideology for Sharia. However, with Ottoman Empire's expansion and patronage, it was replaced with the Hanafi school in many parts of the Muslim world.〔(Shafi'iyyah ) Bulend Shanay, Lancaster University〕 One of the many differences between the Shafi'i and Hanafi schools is that the Shafi'i school does not consider Istihsan (personal preference of Islamic legal scholars) as an acceptable source of religious law because it amounts to "human legislation" of Islamic law.〔Wael B. Hallaq (2009), Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521861472, pp. 58-71〕 The Shafi'i school is now predominantly found in Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti,eastern Egypt, the Swahili coast, Yemen, Kurdish regions of the Middle East, Palestine, Lebanon, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, some coastal parts of Sri Lanka, India, Singapore, Myanmar, Thailand, Brunei, and the Philippines.〔(Jurisprudence and Law - Islam ) Reorienting the Veil, University of North Carolina (2009)〕 ==Principles== The Shafi'i school of thought stipulates authority to five sources of jurisprudence. In hierarchical order, the school relies upon the following sources for Islamic law: the Quran, the hadiths - that is, sayings, customs and practices of Muhammad, the ''ijmā''' (consensus of Sahabah, the community of Muhammad's companions),〔Badr al-Din al-Zarkashi (1393), Al-Bahr Al-Muhit, Vol 6, pp 209〕 the individual opinions of Sahaba with preference to one closest to the issue as Ijtihad, and finally ''qiyas'' (analogy).〔 The Shafi'i school rejects two sources of Sharia that are accepted in other major schools of Islam - Istihsan (juristic preference, promoting the interest of Islam) and Istislah (public interest).〔(Istislah ) The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Oxford University Press〕〔(Istihsan ) The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Oxford University Press〕 The jurisprudence principle of ''Istihsan'' and ''Istislah'' admitted religious laws that had no textual basis in either the Quran or Hadiths, but were based on the opinions of Islamic scholars as promoting the interest of Islam and its universalization goals.〔Lloyd Ridgeon (2003), Major World Religions: From Their Origins To The Present, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415297967, pp. 259-262〕 The Shafi'i school rejected these two principles stating that these methods rely on subjective human opinions, its potential for corruption and adjustment to political context and time.〔〔 The foundational text for the Shafi'i school is Al-Risala (or, The Message) by the founder of the school, Al-Shafi'i. It outlines the principles of Shafi'i fiqh as well as the derived jurisprudence.〔Majid Khadduri (1961), ''Islamic Jurisprudence: Shafi'i's Risala'', Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 14-22〕 Al-Risala became an influential book to other Sunni Islam fiqhs as well, as the oldest surviving Arabic work on Islamic legal theory.〔Joseph Lowry (Translator), Al-Shafi'i - The Epistle on Legal Theory, Risalah fi usul al-fiqh, New York University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0814769980〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shafi'i」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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