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Shahbag (also Shahbaugh, (ベンガル語:শাহবাগ়) ''Shabagh'', ) is a major neighbourhood and a police precinct or ''thana'' in Dhaka, the capital and largest city of Bangladesh. It is also a major public transport hub. It is a junction between two contrasting sections of the city—Old Dhaka and New Dhaka—which lie, respectively, to its north and south. Developed in the 17th century during Mughal rule in Bengal, when Old Dhaka was the provincial capital and a centre of the flourishing muslin industry, the neighborhood was originally named ''Bagh-e-Badshahi'' (Persian for ''Garden of Kings''), but later came to be called by the shortened name ''Shah'' (Persian:شاه, king) ''Bagh'' (Persian: باغ, garden). In the mid-19th century, the Shahbag area was developed as New Dhaka became a provincial centre of the British Raj, ending a century of decline brought on by the passing of Mughal rule. Shahbag is the location of the nation's leading educational and public institutions, including the University of Dhaka, the oldest and largest public university in Bangladesh, Dhaka Medical College,the largest medical college in the country,Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), and the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, the largest public university for technological studies in the country. Shahbag hosts many street markets and bazaars. Since Bangladesh achieved independence in 1971, the Shahbag area has become a venue for celebrating major festivals, such as the Bengali New Year and Basanta Utsab (Holi). Shahbag's numerous ponds, palaces and gardens have inspired the work of writers, singers, and poets. With Dhaka University at its centre, the ''thana'' has been the origin of major political movements in the nation's 20th century history, including the All India Muslim Education Conference in 1905, which led to the All India Muslim League. In 1947, to both the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan; the Bengali Language Movement in 1952, which led to the recognition of Bengali as an official language of Pakistan; and the Six point movement in 1966, which led to the nation's independence. It was here, on 7 March 1971, that Sheikh Mujibur Rahman delivered a historic speech calling for the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan, and here too, later that year, that the Pakistani Army surrendered in the Liberation War of Bangladesh. The area has since become a staging ground for protests by students and other groups. It was the site of public protests by around 30,000 civilians on 8 February 2013, against a lenient ruling against war criminals. == History == Although urban settlements in the Dhaka area date back to the 7th century CE,〔Jatindramohan Rai quotes ''Rajtarangini'' by Kalhan in ''Dhakar Itihas'', 1913〕 the earliest evidence of urban construction in the ''Shahbag'' area is to be found at monuments constructed after 1610, when the Mughals turned Dhaka into a provincial capital and established the gardens of Shahbag. Among these monuments are: the ''Dhaka Gate'', located near the Bangla Academy in Shahbag, and erected by Mir Jumla, the Mughal subadar of Bengal from 1660 to 1663; the ''Mariam Saleha Mosque'', a three-domed Mughal-style mosque in ''Nilkhet-Babupara'', constructed in 1706;〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = Banglapedia )〕 the ''Musa Khan Mosque'' on the western side of Dhaka University, likely constructed in the late 17th century;〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = Banglapedia )〕 and the ''Khwaja Shahbaz's Mosque-Tomb'',〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = Banglapedia )〕 located behind the Dhaka High Court and built in 1679 by Khwaja Shahbaz, a merchant-prince of Dhaka during the vice-royalty of Prince Muhammad Azam, the son of Mughal Emperor Aurengzeb. According to legends a sadhu named Gopal Giri, from Badri Narayan, established a Kali temple in Shahbag in 13th century. Called ''kaathgarh'' at the time, it eventually became the Ramna Kali Mandir.〔Fazilatun Nessa, "(Ramna Kali Mandir )", ''Banglapedia'', Asiatic Society of Bangladesh〕 Itis also said that Kedar Rai of Bikrampur, one of the Baro-Bhuyans, apparently built a Kali temple on the site in late 16th century, and the main temple was built by Haricharan Giri in early 17th century.〔 However, with the decline of Mughal power in Bengal, the Shahbag gardens—''the Gardens of the Kings''—fell into neglect. In 1704, when the provincial capital was moved to Murshidabad, they became the property of the Naib Nazimsthe Deputy-Governors of the sub-province of East Bengaland the representatives of the Nawabs of Murshidabad. Although British power was established in Dacca in 1757, the upkeep of Shahbag gardens was resumed only in the early 19th century under the patronage of an East India Company judge, Griffith Cook, and P. Aratun. In 1830, the Ramna area, which included Shahbag, was incorporated into Dhaka city consequent to the deliberations of the ''Dacca Committee'' (for the development of Dacca town) founded by district collector Henry Walters. A decade later, Nawab Khwaja Alimullah, founder of the Dhaka Nawab Family and father of Nawab Khwaja Abdul Ghani, purchased the Shahbag ''zamindari'' (estate) from the East India Company. Upon his death, in 1868, the estate passed to his grandson Nawab Khwaja Ahsanullah. In the early 20th century, Ahsanullah's son, Sir Nawab Khwaja Salimullah, was able to reclaim some of the lost splendour of the gardens by dividing them into two smaller gardens—the present-day ''Shahbag'' and ''Paribag'' (or, "garden of fairies")—the latter named after Paribanu, one of Ahsanullah's daughters. With the partition of Bengal in 1905, and with Dacca becoming the capital of the new province of East Bengal, European-style houses were rapidly built in the area, especially along the newly constructed Fuller Road (named after Sir Bampfylde Fuller, the first Lieutenant Governor of East Bengal). Around this time, the first zoo in the Dhaka area was also established in Shahbag.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = Banglapedia )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = Banglapedia )〕 Rani Bilasmani of Bhawal established a new idol in the Kali temple and excavated a large pond in front of it at this period.〔 In 1924, Anandamayi Ma moved into Shabag and established Anandamayi Asharam inside the 2.22 acres of temple ground.〔 After the creation of the new nation of Pakistan in 1947, when Dhaka became the capital of East Pakistan, many new buildings were built in the Shahbag area, including, in 1960, the office of Bangladesh Betar, (then ''Pakistan Radio''), the national radio station, the (now-defunct) Dacca race-course, as well as the second electric power-plant in East Bengal. On 7 March 1971, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman chose the Ramna Racecourse near Shahbag to deliver his speech calling for an independent Bangladesh. On 27 March 1971, Pakistani Army destroyed the Kali temple and its 120 feet tower.〔 During the ensuing Bangladesh Liberation War, many foreign journalists, including the Associated Press bureau chief in Pakistan, Arnold Zeitlin, and Washington Post reporter, David Greenway stayed at Hotel InterContinental (now Hotel Sheraton) at the Shahbag Intersection. The hotel, which had been declared a ''neutral zone'', nonetheless came under fire from both combatants in the war—the Mukti Bahini and Pakistani army. At the conclusion of the war, the Hotel Intercontinental was at first chosen as the venue for the surrender ceremony of the West Pakistan Army;〔 however, the final surrender ceremony later took place in the nearby Ramna Park (now Suhrawardy Uddan). Shahbag is part of the 181st electoral district of Bangladesh: Dhaka 8. In Bangladeshi general election, 2008 Rashed Khan Menon of Workers Party of Bangladesh was elected as the member of Jatiyo Sangsad from the area. In the Dhaka City Corporation ward commissioner election of 2002 Md. Chowdhury Alam (ward 56) and Khaja Habibullah Habib (ward 57) were elected in the Shahbag area.〔(All Ward & Commissioners of Mega City Dhaka )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shahbag」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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