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Shakhty () is a city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the southeastern spur of the Donetsk mountain ridge, northeast of Rostov-on-Don. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 239,987. ==History== In the beginning of the 19th century〔Pospelov, p. 26〕 sergeant-major Popov founded on the Grushevka River a Cossack ''stanitsa'' of Alexandro-Grushevskaya ().〔 While the exact reasoning behind this name is unclear, it is possible that the name was given in honor of Emperor Alexander I.〔 Twelve Cossacks and fourteen peasant serfs lived in the ''stanitsa'' at that time. By the mid-19th century, fifty-seven coal mines operated in this area.〔 In 1867, it was granted town status and renamed Gornoye Grushevskoye Poseleniye ().〔 The name was changed to Alexandrovsk-Grushevsky () in 1881.〔 By 1914, the population had reached 54,000. The main source of income was coal mining, which had been carried out in that region since the end of the 18th century. The population was poor, but the town had rail, telegraph and telephone networks, electricity and plumbing as well as libraries, hospitals and a post office. 1917 saw the city change hands three times, until it was taken on April 28, 1919, by the Don Army, under General Fitskhelaurov. For twenty months it was independent of the Bolsheviks, but was ravaged by typhoid. In 1920, the city was given its present name.〔 The name, which literally means ''mines'' in Russian, was chosen due to the strong association with coal mining.〔 During the 1920s, many of the churches and the archives were destroyed. In 1928, the city was the location of the Shakhty Trial, a precursor of the show trials of the 1930s. In 1941, an independent Cossack republic had been declared in Shakhty although this was suppressed by the NKVD before the Russian invasion.〔p.88, Stalingrad, Antony Beevor〕 In July 1942, during the Great Patriotic War, the city was occupied by the Germans; many coal pits and buildings were blown up by the Germans during their retreat in February, 1943. Twenty-nine of the townsmen were awarded the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union. In 1948, production levels in the mines reached what they had been before the war. During the Leonid Brezhnev years, the city was at the height of its development, with a population of over 250,000, and about ten million tons of coal being mined each year. In the 1970s and 1980s, the city was the scene of many of Andrei Chikatilo's murders. Perestroika proved devastating for the city, as mines were privatized and shut down, causing massive unemployment, which led to a severe rise in crime and drug abuse. Today's Shakhty is the main industrial center of the Eastern Donbass. The city is also one of the main producers and exporters of tile in Eastern Europe. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shakhty」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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